موسسه پژوهش های برنامه ریزی، اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه 1022-4211 مقالات آماده انتشار 2025 07 28 Estimation and Analysis of the Distribution of Benefits Resulting from the Choice of Marketing Channels by Rice Farmers in Guilan Province of Iran برآورد و تحلیل توزیع منافع ناشی از انتخاب مسیرهای بازاررسانی توسط برنج‌کاران استان گیلان 132227 10.30490/aead.2025.367365.1651 FA فرزانه حسنی دیارجان دانشجوی دکتری اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، دانشکده کشاورزی، کرج، ایران 3725-4763-0008-0009 حامد رفیعی دانشیار گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، دانشکده کشاورزی، کرج، ایران 0000-0002-1279-6830 سید صفدر حسینی استاد گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، دانشکده کشاورزی، کرج، ایران سعید یزدانی استاد گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، دانشکده کشاورزی، کرج، ایران 0000-0002-9403-9963 Journal Article 2025 01 15 Introduction: The agricultural sector, with a 11.7 percent share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), is recognized as a key factor in growth and food security in Iran. This sector not only serves as a source of employment in rural areas but also contributes to the supply of food and raw materials for industries. In developing countries, agricultural market policies and efficient marketing systems are considered as essential components of economic development. Choosing marketing channels is a critical decision for small-scale farmers that significantly impacts their income and livelihoods. Access to sales markets and the correct selection of marketing channels can help reduce poverty and enhance the welfare of farmers. Studies have shown that participation in modern food distribution channels and multi-product markets has a positive effect on income and food security. In Guilan province of Iran, particularly in rice production, farmers face challenges such as price fluctuations and distribution costs. Examining the distribution of benefits resulting from the selection of marketing channels in this province, especially for rice, is of particular importance. This study aimed at analyzing the effects of choosing marketing channels on the distribution of benefits and the increase of profits for farmers, especially in conditions where the issues related to channel selection impact their productivity and net income. Materials and Methods: Farmers choose marketing channels based on their understanding of the benefits associated with each channel. These benefits can vary, making it essential to examine the advantages derived from selecting efficient channels and their impact on household welfare. One dimension of farmer household welfare is income inequality. The study primarily investigated whether the distribution and sale of agricultural products through different marketing channels contribute to improving farmers’ welfare. To gain a better understanding of the contributions of various factors to income inequality, a decomposition approach was employed. Assuming that Y represents household’s income and F denotes the cumulative distribution function, the Gini decomposition of income sources is defined as half the difference between mean Gini coefficients. In addition, the Gini coefficient for each income component is expressed as a ratio of the covariance between household’s income and the cumulative income distribution. Given the above-mentioned definitions, the data required for this study were collected through interviews and questionnaires from the rice farmers in Guilan province during 2022-2023. The sampling method of the research was convenience sampling, and supplementary data were obtained from various sources, including the Ministry of Agriculture-Jahad (MAJ) and Statistical Center of Iran (SCI). To estimate the sample size, Cochran’s formula was used, resulting in a sample size of 100 participants. Results and Discussion: In this study, the characteristics of the statistical population of rice farmers were examined. The results indicated that 92 percent of the farmers were married and 53 percent lived in rural areas. In addition, 73 percent of the farmers had a high school diploma or lower, and 82 percent had no source of income other than agriculture. The average area under rice cultivation was two hectares, and the average production was 3,330 kilograms. The rice farmers, on average, sold 2,600 kilograms of their product in the market, with an average income from sales amounting to 257,512,500 thousand rials. The analysis of income inequality showed that processing factories had the largest share in the income inequality among the rice farmers; and in the sales income section, the retail channel also had a significant share in the income inequality among the farmers. The Gini coefficient indicated that the processing factories and retail channels exhibited the highest levels of income inequality. The study results also indicated that the processing factories accounted for 40 percent of the total sales income, playing a pivotal role in the rice value chain. Direct sales to consumers ranked second with a 28 percent share. Overall, improving the performance of marketing channels, particularly the processing factories and the retail, might help reduce the income inequality among farming households. Conclusion and Suggestions: This study examined the impact of different marketing channels on the income inequality among the rice farmers, and the study results indicated that the choice of marketing channels based on farmers’ perceptions of the benefits of each channel significantly affects household welfare. The processing factories had a central role in creating the income inequality by capturing the largest share of income, while the retail channel also contributed notably to this inequality. دسترسی کشاورزان خرده‌مالک به بازار فروش موجب توسعه روستایی، کاهش فقر و افزایش درآمد و رفاه آنها می‌شود. تجاری‌سازی کشاورزی تولید بیشتر برای فروش در بازارها را به‏ دنبال خواهد داشت. بنابراین، هدف اصلی مطالعة حاضر بررسی توزیع منافع حاصل از انتخاب کانال‌ها یا همان مسیرهای بازاررسانی توسط برنج‌کاران استان گیلان بود. بدین منظور، اطلاعات مربوط به انتخاب مسیرهای مختلف بازاررسانی برنج توسط کشاورزان از طریق تکمیل پرسشنامه با روش «نمونه‌گیری در دسترس» در استان گیلان برای سال 1402 جمع‌آوری شد. روش تجزیه ضریب جینی بر مبنای منابع درآمدی نشان داد که در هر دو بخش درآمد کل و درآمد حاصل از فروش محصول، بیشترین نابرابری درآمد مربوط به مسیر بازاررسانی کارخانه‏‌های فرآوری، به ‏ترتیب، با میزان عددی 0/18 و 0/80 است. تحلیل منحنی‌های لورنز نیز نشان داد که میزان نابرابری در توزیع درآمد در مسیرهای مربوط به کارخانه‌های فرآوری و مصرف‌کنندگان بیش از سایر مسیرهاست. بررسی سهم درآمد هر مسیر بازاررسانی از کل درآمد فروش برنج نیز حاکی از آن بود که کارخانه ‏های فرآوری، به‏ طور میانگین با چهل درصد، بیشترین سهم را دارند. این نتایج نشان داد که طراحی سیاست‌های مناسب مانند بهبود عملکرد کارخانه‌‏های فرآوری و بازار خرده‌فروشی از طریق سرمایه‌گذاری در فناوری‌های نوین و افزایش رقابت ضروری است؛ همچنین، تقویت فروش مستقیم به مصرف‌کننده و ایجاد نظام پایش و نظارت بر مسیرهای بازاررسانی می‌تواند برای بهبود توزیع درآمد در مسیرهای بازاررسانی با نابرابری بالا، به‏ ویژه مسیرهای کارخانه‏‌های فرآوری و مصرف‌کنندگان، می‌تواند به افزایش رفاه کشاورزان و کاهش فقر در مناطق روستایی کمک کند.

http://aead.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_132227_c2caab01fdd0be0d4472527e51297c1f.pdf