موسسه پژوهش های برنامه ریزی، اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه 1022-4211 32 4 2025 04 21 Providing a Good Governance Model for Sustainability of Agricultural Businesses: A Case Study of Agriculture Bank of Iran (BKI) ارائه مدل حکمرانی خوب به‏ منظور پایداری کسب‌‏وکارهای کشاورزی در استان تهران: مطالعه موردی بانک کشاورزی 1 36 131481 10.30490/aead.2024.365618.1596 FA محمد مهدی سالاری نیا دانشجوی دکتری، گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، واحد گرمسار، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، گرمسار، ایران. مهرداد نیک نامی دانشیار گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، واحد گرمسار، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، گرمسار، ایران. 0000-0002-8658-1429 محمدصادق صبوری دانشیار گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، واحد گرمسار، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، گرمسار، ایران. حامد رفیعی دانشیار گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکدة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران. 0000-0002-1279-6830 Journal Article 2024 04 29 Introduction: In addition to production factors such as water, land, and labor, businesses in agricultural sector need capital as a driving production factor to develop their economic activities. Easy and quick access to financial resources is one of the necessities and prerequisites for the development of business activities in the agricultural sector, because many farmers and activists in the agricultural sector, due to low-income levels and high production costs, are unable to make large and widespread investments, on the one hand, and the private sector is not highly interested in investing in the agricultural sector due to high risk and low returns, on the other hand. In this regard, the Agricultural Bank, as the only specialized bank in the agricultural sector, is responsible for providing financial resources for this sector. In fact, the basic mission of the Agricultural Bank is to provide credit facilities for the development of the agricultural sector and its related activities, to improve the living standards and income of the rural people, and in short, to finance agriculture and related activities and the businesses of this sector. Accordingly, one of the topics that has been paid attention to by researchers over recent years, leading to the improvement of agricultural production and productivity, is the effect of good governance, so that in addition to paying attention to physical and educational investments, there should be considered and improved the infrastructure related to governance in the concerned countries. The goal of governance in the agricultural sector is to emphasize the increase of agricultural, livestock, and industrial production that will meet public needs and bring the country to the stage of self-sufficiency and free it from dependence. In this regard, the importance of agricultural businesses is highlighted. By moving in the direction of good governance, comprehensive institutions are formed and cause the growth of various economic sectors and finally, development. Therefore, this study aimed at presenting a good governance model in line with the sustainability of agricultural businesses in Agriculture Bank of Iran known as BKI which stands for Bank-e-Keshavarzi Iran in Persian. Materials and Methods: This research was as an applied study, in terms of purpose, and it was a descriptive (non-experimental) one, in terms of data collection method, following a mixed research strategy, after defining the topic and conducting library studies, the dimensions of good governance in BKI were identified in Delphi method; and to identify the dimensions of business sustainability, the library method and the theoretical foundations of the research were used. In the qualitative part of the research, firstly, by reviewing the theoretical literature, the dimensions of good governance in the Agricultural Bank were identified, resulting in selection of 15 managers of BKI and Agriculture-Jahad Organization of Tehran who were selected through a purposeful sampling approach, while the factors were evaluated using the Delphi technique. Finally, 32 indicators were identified in the form of six main components. Also, to identify the dimensions of business sustainability, the library method was used based on the background and theoretical foundations of the research, and the dimensions of business sustainability were designed in the form of a questionnaire in three components (social, environmental and economic) and 19 indicators. In the quantitative part of the research, to measure the research model, a questionnaire was designed and after verifying its validity and reliability, the questionnaire was given to 330 greenhouse owners of Tehran province, who were selected in a simple random sampling method. Then, to establish the relationship and sequence between the dimensions, components and indicators and to provide a structural model, the method of structural equations was used in the third-order confirmatory factor analysis method in SPSS23 and Smart PLS3 software. Results and Discussion: The analysis of the results showed that among the six components affecting the good governance of the BKI, corruption control was the most effective component with an impact factor (factor load) of 0.279, followed by the component related to the quality of laws and regulations (0.274) in the second, the factors related to the rule of law (0.271) in the third, the component of the right to comment and respond (0.172) in the fourth, the component of government effectiveness (0.043) in the fifth and finally, the political stability factor (0.022) in the sixth places. Based on the study results, the social dimension of agricultural business sustainability with an impact factor (factor load) of 0.901, the economic dimension of agricultural business sustainability (0.891), and the environmental dimension of agricultural business sustainability (0.843) are the most important components of the sustainability of agricultural business. The analysis of the results showed that among the components affecting the sustainability of agricultural business, corruption control was found to be the most effective component (T-value = 17.854 , p < 0.01), followed by the components of the quality of laws and regulations (T-value = 0.274, T-value = 14.433), the rule of law (T-value = 0.271, T-value = 14.075), the right to comment and respond (T-value = 0.172, T-value = 11.301), the government effectiveness (T-value = 2.146, T-value = 0.043) and the political stability (T-value = 0.022 , T-value = 2.080) were in the next ranks of importance in order of priority. Conclusion and Suggestions: The study results make it clear that executives (agricultural business managers) have an important role in the sustainability of agricultural business, but designing a good governance model is not simply the responsibility of executives, rather, it is affected by many factors and variables. Also, it can be concluded that many issues and problems related to the sustainability of agricultural business are formed during the formulation of policies and programs and are influenced by other factors. Therefore, in order to successfully implement a good governance in the BKI, the other concerned components and indicators might be considered as well. مطالعه حاضر، با هدف طراحی مدل حکمرانی خوب در راستای پایداری کسب‌‏وکارهای کشاورزی، در پی حل این مسئله بود که «حکمرانی خوب چگونه می‌تواند منجر به پایداری کسب‏‌وکار کشاورزی در بانک کشاورزی ایران شود؟»؛ و از این‏‌رو، از نظر هدف، اکتشافی بود و از نظر روش، با تلفیقی از روش‌های کیفی و کمی (آمیخته) صورت گرفت. در بخش کیفی تحقیق، ابتدا با بررسی ادبیات نظری، ابعاد حکمرانی خوب در بانک کشاورزی ایران در سال 1402 شناسایی شد و سپس، پانزده نفر از مدیران بانک و جهاد کشاورزی که با رویکرد نمونه‌گیری هدفمند انتخاب شده بودند، با بهره‌گیری از روش دلفی، به ارزیابی عوامل پرداختند که در نهایت، 32 شاخص در قالب شش مؤلفه اصلی شناسایی شدند. همچنین، به‌‏منظور شناسایی ابعاد پایداری کسب‏‌وکار، از روش کتابخانه‌ای بر اساس بررسی پیشینه و مبانی نظری تحقیق استفاده شد و ابعاد پایداری کسب‏‌وکار در قالب پرسشنامه در سه مؤلفه (اجتماعی، زیست‏‌محیطی و اقتصادی) و نوزده شاخص طراحی شد. در مرحله بعد، به‏‌منظور برقراری ارتباط و توالی بین ابعاد، مؤلفه‌ها و شاخص‌ها و ارائه مدل ساختاری، از روش معادلات ساختاری به روش تحلیل عاملی تأییدی مرتبه سوم در دو نرم‏افزار SPSS23 و Smart PLS3 بهره گرفته شد. در بخش کمی تحقیق نیز برای سنجش مدل تحقیق، پرسشنامه‌ای طراحی و پس از احراز اعتبار و پایایی آن، در اختیار 330 نفر از گلخانه‏‌داران استان تهران، که با استفاده از روش نمونه‌‏گیری تصادفی ساده انتخاب شده بودند، قرار گرفت. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که از میان مؤلفه‌های مؤثر بر پایداری کسب‏‌وکار کشاورزی، کنترل فساد (279/0b=) اثرگذارترین مؤلفه بر پایداری کسب‏‌وکار کشاورزی است؛ پس از آن، مؤلفه‌‏های کیفیت قوانین و مقررات (274/0b=)، حاکمیت قانون (271/0b=)، حق اظهار نظر و پاسخ‏گویی (172/0b=)، اثربخشی دولت (043/0b=) و ثبات سیاسی (022/0b=)، به‌‏ترتیب اولویت، در رتبه‌های بعدی اهمیت قرار دارند. بدین ترتیب، از نتایج مطالعه می‌توان در تقویت نظام حقوقی و اجرای قوانین و مقررات مرتبط با کشاورزی سود جست تا از این رهگذر، با نظارت بر تولید، بازاریابی و توزیع محصولات، در جلوگیری از فساد و نیز در راستای پایداری کسب‏‌وکارهای مرتبط با کشاورزی مؤثر افتد..

http://aead.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_131481_25d38c3a26460a5d95cd6692de00ee7b.pdf

موسسه پژوهش های برنامه ریزی، اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه 1022-4211 32 4 2025 04 21 Explaining the Obstacles and Challenges to Developing Agricultural Exports in East Azerbaijan Province of Iran تبیین موانع و چالش‌های توسعه صادرات محصولات کشاورزی در استان آذربایجان شرقی 37 59 132181 10.30490/aead.2025.364165.1569 FA سعیده صمدزاد استادیار پژوهشکده توسعه و برنامه‌ریزی، مرکز دانشگاهی آموزش، فرهنگ و پژوهش (جهاد دانشگاهی) تبریز، تبریز، ایران Journal Article 2023 11 19 Introduction: To achieve a dynamic economy, the successful flow of exports is a very effective factor. Every company enters an export market with the aim of developing its activity and creates infrastructure to achieve profitability in that market. In general, the purpose of entering and creating these infrastructures is to operate in a foreign market for several years. In addition to the company itself, the benefits of this action extend to the entire economy of the country of origin. For this reason, the development of exports is directly supported by the policy makers of the countries. Examining the business activity of companies shows that although every year, many companies enter foreign markets, but in less than a year, they stop their business activities for various reasons. Over recent years, East Azerbaijan province of Iran has played an effective role in increasing the country's export income due to its special geographical location as well as suitable economic facilities and potentials. This province has 1,200,000 hectares of agricultural land and about 100,000 hectares of gardens and orchards. The export products of the agricultural sector of East Azerbaijan include greenhouse products, livestock products, leather and hides, and concentrates, and these products are exported to 52 European and Asian countries, including neighboring countries and Russia. According to the statistics and information of Agriculture-Jahad Organization of the Ministry of Agriculture-Jahad (MAJ), in 2023, about 53,503 tons of agricultural products were exported from the province. But despite this issue, due to the involved effective internal and external factors, the export of the province has not yet been able to find its real position. In this research, considering the importance of the subject, the problems and challenges of expanding economic activities in the agricultural production in the province would be identified using a combined (quantitative-qualitative) approach and suitable management solutions would be adopted. Therefore, the main question of the research included: “What are the obstacles and challenges of developing the export of agricultural products in the East Azerbaijan province?”. Materials and Methods: This research was an applied one in terms of purpose and a descriptive-survey one in terms of method. The required data were mainly collected through interview and questionnaire. The statistical population of the research, in the qualitative stage, included managers, professionals and experts as well as stakeholders in the export of agricultural products of East Azerbaijan province; in addition, in the interview stage, 184 people were randomly selected from among 10 experts in the export expertise to identify factors affecting the development of exports and to analyze the statistical model from among the statistical population and according to Cochran's calculation formula. In order to analyze the study findings, a structural equations technique along with a partial least squares approach were used. Results and Discussion: Based on the findings of data analysis, economic factors with a path coefficient of 0.78, infrastructural factors with a path coefficient of 0.69, marketing factors with a path coefficient of 0.64, socio-cultural factors with a path coefficient of 0.58 and technical-specialized factors with path coefficient of 0.52 had significantly positive effects on the export development. In other words, the data analysis showed that the economic, infrastructure, marketing, socio-cultural, and technical-specialized factors had significantly positive impacts on the export development. Conclusion and Suggestions: In the economic factors, applying exemptions and establishing incentives and facilities and in the infrastructure factors, ease of access to bank credits, insurance coverage for exports to high-risk countries, product quality and compliance with international standards and support for export consortia and also, in the marketing factors, using networking and collaborative strategies such as creating export consortia, presence in foreign markets, conducting market research in order to provide competitive prices, identifying distribution channels and local distribution channels as well as in the socio-cultural factors, managers' familiarity and awareness of market opportunities and target markets and familiarity with the culture of those countries (identifying competitors and consumer tastes in the target market) and finally, in the technical-specialized factors, the presence of experts in the commerce, the use of up-to-date technologies in production standards, supporting commercial centers abroad for holding specialized exhibitions, etc. are suggested to managers to develop the export of agricultural products of East Azerbaijan province. Also, to develop exports, exhibitions of goods and products should be held in a planned and regular manner in different countries, and the possibility of selling products and goods should be realized for exporters and manufacturers. In this regard, a comparative study of the success rate of the country's international specialized exhibitions with other countries can guide the country and the province on the path of progress and increasing the success of the exhibitions. پژوهش حاضر، با هدف تبیین موانع و چالش‌های توسعه صادرات محصولات کشاورزی در استان آذربایجان شرقی، از نظر هدف، کاربردی و از نظر روش، توصیفی- پیمایشی بوده، گردآوری اطلاعات مورد نیاز از طریق مصاحبه و پرسشنامه صورت گرفت. جامعه آماری تحقیق، در مرحله کیفی، شامل مدیران، کارشناسان و خبرگان و ذی‏نفعان در زمینه صادرات محصولات کشاورزی استان‌ آذربایجان شرقی بود، به‏‌گونه‌‏ای که در مرحله مصاحبه، از ده نفر خبره حوزه صادرات برای شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر توسعه صادرات مصاحبه به عمل آمد و برای تحلیل مدل آماری، از بین جامعه آماری و طبق رابطه محاسباتی کوکران، تعداد 184 نفر به روش تصادفی انتخاب شدند. به‏‌منظور تحلیل یافته‌های تحقیق، از روش معادلات ساختاری با رویکرد حداقل مربعات جزئی استفاده ‌شد. بر اساس یافته‌های تحلیل اطلاعات، تأثیر عوامل اقتصادی، زیرساختی، بازاریابی، اجتماعی- فرهنگی و فنی- تخصصی بر توسعه صادرات مثبت و معنی‌‏دار بود. از این‌‏رو، پیشنهادهایی برای بهره‏‌برداری مدیران در راستای توسعه صادرات محصولات کشاورزی استان آذربایجان شرقی بدین شرح ارانه شد: در حوزه «عوامل اقتصادی»، اعمال معافیت‌ها و برقراری مشوق‌ها و تسهیلات؛ در حوزه «عوامل زیرساختی»، سهولت دسترسی به اعتبارات بانکی، پوشش بیمهای برای صادرات به کشورهای پرمخاطره (پرریسک)، کیفیت محصول و رعایت استانداردهای بین‌المللی و حمایت از کنسرسیوم‌های صادراتی؛ در حوزه «عوامل بازاریابی»، استفاده از شبکه‌سازی و راهبرد‌های همکارانه مثل ایجاد کنسرسیوم‌های صادراتی، حضور در بازارهای خارجی، انجام تحقیقات بازار به‏‌منظور ارائه قیمت‌های رقابتی، شناسایی کانال‌ها یا همان مسیرهای توزیع و مسیرهای توزیع محلی؛ در حوزه «عوامل اجتماعی- فرهنگی»، آشنایی و آگاهی مدیران از فرصت‌های بازار و بازارهای هدف و آشنایی با فرهنگ آن کشورها یا جوامع هدف (شناسایی رقبا و سلیقه مصرف‌کنندگان در بازار هدف)؛ و در نهایت، در حوزه «عوامل فنی- تخصصی»، وجود متخصصان حوزه بازرگانی، استفاده از فناوری‌‏های به‏روز دنیا در استانداردهای تولید، مراکز تجاری پشتیبان در خارج کشور برای برگزاری نمایشگاه‌های تخصصی و ... .

http://aead.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_132181_78394a0935ecb01a3bde763e6e1111bb.pdf

موسسه پژوهش های برنامه ریزی، اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه 1022-4211 32 4 2025 04 21 Evaluating the Efficiency of Irrigated Rapeseed Producing Provinces in Iran Using the W-DEA Technique ارزیابی کارآیی استان‌های تولیدکننده کلزای آبی در ایران با استفاده از روش W-DEA 61 96 132157 10.30490/aead.2024.366902.1624 FA محمدامین غلام آزاد دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران. مرتضی مجیدیان دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران. 0000-0003-0370-5180 مائده غلام آزاد پژوهشگر پسادکتری، دانشکده مهندسی، گروه مهندسی صنایع، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران 0000-0002-7747-4031 Journal Article 2024 09 05 Introduction: Iran has significant agricultural potential and like other countries, its agricultural sector is crucial for supplying food for humans, livestock, and poultry. However, a large portion of the country's economic budget is allocated annually to import oilseeds, meal, and vegetable oil. Recently, irrigated rapeseed has gained attention from farmers and producers. Enhancing rapeseed oil production in suitable provinces could reduce foreign exchange outflows and support self-sufficiency. Materials and Methods: This research aimed at evaluating the efficiency of Iran’s 17 provinces that produce irrigated rapeseed production. The required data of the past decade were gathered from the Iranian Ministry of Agriculture-Jahad (MAJ). Two models including Windowed Data Envelopment Analysis (W-DEA) with a window width of 3, to evaluate each province's efficiency during specific intervals, and the BCC model, to calculate average efficiency scores from 2020 to 2022 for comparative analysis among the provinces were utilized. Results and Discussion: The research results indicated that Tehran, Kermanshah, Khuzestan, Fars, and Golestan provinces, each with an average efficiency score of one, had excellent potential for the irrigated rapeseed production in Iran, followed by Qom, Ardabil, Razavi Khorasan, and Lorestan. Conclusion and Suggestions: The research findings can enhance productivity and promote best practices in rapeseed farming by offering insights into resource allocation, policy effects, technology adoption, and sustainability. Identifying the provinces with production potential would benefit the concerned farmers and support broader agricultural development goals within the country. با توجه به توان مناسب ایران در حوزه کشاورزی و اهمیت صنعت کشاورزی به‌عنوان یکی از صنایع غیرنفتی کشور در تأمین خوراک انسان و دام و طیور، سالانه بخش اعظم بودجه اقتصادی کشور صرف واردات دانه‌ها و کنجاله‌های روغنی و روغن نباتی می‌شود. یکی از این دانه‌ها که در سال‌های اخیر، توجه بسیاری از کشاورزان و تولیدکنندگان را به خود جلب کرده، کلزای آبی است. افزایش توان تولید دانة روغنی کلزا در استان‌هایی که قابلیت کشت آن را دارند، تا حد ممکن، می‌تواند از خروج ارز از کشور پیشگیری کند و زمینه‏‌ای مناسب را برای رسیدن به خودکفایی فراهم آورد. بدین منظور، مهم‌ترین هدف پژوهش حاضر ارزیابی کارآیی هفده استان تولیدکننده کلزای آبی در ایران بود. اطلاعات پژوهش به یک دهه گذشته اختصاص داشت و از وزارت جهاد کشاورزی ایران جمع‌آوری شد. در این راستا، از دو الگوی «تحلیل پوششی داده‌های پنجره‌ای» (W-DEA) و «بنکر، چارنز و کوپر» موسوم به ‌ BCC استفاده شد. عرض پنجره‌ها در الگوی W-DEA برابر با «سه» در نظر گرفته شده، کارآیی هر استان در این بازه‌ها نسبت به خودش ارزیابی شد؛ سپس، با استفاده از الگوی BCC، محاسبة میانگین نمرات کارآیی در بازه زمانی ۱۳۹۹ تا ۱۴۰۱ و مقایسة کارآیی استان‌ها با یکدیگر صورت گرفت. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که استان‌های تهران، کرمانشاه، خوزستان، فارس و گلستان، با میانگین نمره کارآیی برابر با یک، از توان بسیار مناسب برای تولید کلزا در ایران برخوردارند و پس از آنها، استان‌‌های قم، اردبیل، خراسان رضوی و لرستان در رتبه‌‌های بعدی قرار دارند. یافته‌های پژوهش، با ارائه سطوح بینش از میزان مناسب در ارتباط با توزیع صحیح منابع، تأثیر سیاست، پذیرش فناوری و پایداری، می‌تواند به افزایش بهره‌وری و ترویج بهترین شیوه‌ها در کشاورزی کلزا کمک کند. شناسایی استان‌های دارای قابلیت و توان افزایش تولید این محصول راهبردی، نه‌تنها به نفع کشاورزان است، بلکه به اهداف توسعه کشاورزی گسترده‌تر در داخل کشور نیز یاری می‌رساند..

http://aead.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_132157_c5279e07367ef7ba59d6e772bfd9ac5d.pdf

موسسه پژوهش های برنامه ریزی، اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه 1022-4211 32 4 2025 04 21 Investigating the Economic and Environmental Status of Damask Rose in Sistan Region of Iran بررسی وضعیت اقتصادی و زیست‏‌محیطی گل محمدی در منطقه سیستان 97 140 132158 10.30490/aead.2024.367172.1628 FA مجتبی داورپناه دانشجوی دکتری اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران. ماشاا.. سالارپور استادیار گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران محمود احمدپور برازجانی دانشیار گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران محمدرضا اصغری پور دانشیار گروه زراعت، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران سامان ضیائی دانشیار گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران 0000-0002-3498-7945 علیرضا کیخا استادیار گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران Journal Article 2024 09 30 Introduction: In order to achieve a sustainable development, it is imperative to prioritize agriculture as a key sector and effectively tackle global economic, environmental, and ethical challenges. The sustainable supply chain encompasses the efficient coordination of material, information, and financial flows among companies within the supply chain. It also involves aligning the goals of sustainable development, including economic, environmental, and social dimensions, with the demands of customers and stakeholders. Given the unfavorable climatic conditions in Sistan region of Iran, it is crucial to prioritize the production of products that can both facilitate the participation of farmers in an economic development and minimize damage to environmental resources. Materials and Methods: This study aimed at investigating the economic condition and long-term viability of the Damask rose in the Sistan region. Data and insights were gathered through personal interviews and questionnaires from individuals involved in the cultivation, wholesale, retail, and distribution of Damask rose and rose water in the region during the period of 2021-2022. The study examined and analyzed production systems by utilizing four types of resources: free renewable environmental inputs (R), free non-renewable environmental inputs (N), free renewable inputs (FR), and non-free non-renewable inputs (FN). The marketing margin was analyzed using both a simple regression equation (econometric model) and geographic weighted regression (GWR) techniques. The estimation was performed using EVIEWSV5 and GIS software. Results and Discussion: The free renewable environmental inputs (R) for the production systems of Damask rose in the cities of Zabol, Zahak (Central and Jazinak districts), Hirmand, and Nimruz (Sabori district) were estimated 7.03E+14, 6.43E+14, 8.13E+14, 6.4E+14 sej ha-1, respectively. The quantity of free renewable environmental inputs (R) in this system for the specified areas was found as 1.43E+16, 1.70E+16, 2.23E+16, 1.65E+16, and 2.86E+16 sej ha-1, respectively. The Damask rose production system in Zabol city had the highest EIR index value (0.199), while the rose production system in Zahak city (Jazinak district) had the lowest value (0.093). The ESI* values for the production systems of Damask rose in the mentioned areas were 0.398, 0.441, 0.566, 0.390, and 0.537, respectively. The ESI* values indicated a greater sustainability in the surveyed areas compared to the ESI values. The marketing margin analysis also revealed that the lowest retail sales margin was estimated for rose and rose sub-products in Nimruz (Central district) and Nimruz (Sabori district), respectively. Conversely, the highest margin was observed in Zabol city for both rose and rose sub-products. The rose water product in Zabol city showed the highest level of technical efficiency, with a technical inefficiency score of 0.007. On the other hand, the Central district of Nimruz city was found to be the most inefficient area in terms of both Damask rose and rose water production, particularly in terms of price efficiency. The R2 value in the simple regression model was 0.62, while in the spatial regression model, it was 0.3. This suggests that spatial factors do not significantly impact the marketing margin of this product. The results of both equations are similar, indicating that the marketing margin for this product is not influenced by the geographical location of farmers in different regions. Conversely, the rose water product indicated an R2 value of 0.63 in the simple regression model, while the spatial regression yielded a value of 0.99. The success of the rose water product in the Sistan region is influenced by various factors, including the location of the farmers. The spatial position of the farmers has a direct and significant impact on the marketing of the product, particularly in the adjacent areas. The study findings showed a substantial and statistically significant impact of marketing expenses on the market profit margin. Specifically, for each incremental unit increase in marketing costs, the marketing margin increases by 27.76 units. Conclusion and Suggestions: Considering the rose water as a sub-product or processed product, it is worth noting the environmental advantages of the rose water produced in Zabol city compared to other areas. Therefore, processing these products can greatly benefit the farmers in terms of economic capability and increased profits from sales. By implementing a policy that focuses on increasing technological advancements and expanding the cultivation of Damask rose in the region, while also incorporating new processing and conversion technologies, two primary objectives of sustainability and economic empowerment for users can be achieved. کشاورزی یکی از زمینه‌های اصلی نیازمند توجه در راستای دستیابی به توسعه پایدار به‌‏شمار می‏‌رود. از این‏‌رو، پرداختن به مشکلات اقتصادی، زیست‌محیطی و اخلاقی در سراسر جهان ضروری است. پژوهش حاضر، با هدف بررسی وضعیت اقتصادی و پایداری گل محمدی، در منطقه سیستان صورت پذیرفت. آمار و اطلاعات مورد نیاز از طریق مصاحبه حضوری و تکمیل پرسشنامه از 86 باغدار منطقه سیستان در سال زراعی 1400-1401 به‌دست آمد. تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از روش‏‌های امرژی (EYR)، حاشیه بازار و رگرسیون فضایی صورت گرفت. نسبت عملکرد امرژی (EYR) برای نظام‌های تولید گل محمدی در شهرستانهای زابل، زهک (بخش مرکزی)، زهک (بخش جزینک)، هیرمند و نیمروز (بخش صابری)، به‏‌ترتیب، 033/6، 356/8، 750/11، 823/6 و 326/11 بود. کمترین و بیشترین حاشیه خرده‌فروشی در محصولات گل محمدی و گلاب، به‌‏ترتیب، در شهرستان‌‏های نیمروز و زابل مشاهده شد. بررسی کارآیی فنی محصولات بین مناطق مختلف نشان‏‌دهنده بالا بودن این شاخص برای محصول گلاب در شهرستان زابل بود. مقدار 2R در مدل رگرسیون ساده برابر با 0/63 بود و رگرسیون فضایی 0/99 به ‏دست آمد. در خصوص حاشیه بازاریابی برای محصول گلاب در منطقه سیستان، می‌توان گفت که علاوه بر سایر عوامل مؤثر در حاشیه بازاریابی، ‌موقعیت کشاورزان نسبت به مناطق مجاور (به لحاظ موقعیت فضایی) نیز تأثیر مستقیم و معنی‏‌دار بر نمونه‌های مجاور از نظر حاشیه بازاریابی این محصول دارد. از آنجا که گلاب به‌عنوان یک محصول فرآوری‏‌شده مطرح بوده و پایداری نظام تولید گل محمدی به لحاظ زیست‏‌محیطی در شهرستان زابل مطلوب‌‏تر از سایر مناطق مورد بررسی است، با اعمال سیاست افزایش سطح زیر کشت و ایجاد تغییرات فناوری در زمینه کشت، فرآوری و صنایع تبدیلی، میتوان گامی مهم در راستای پایداری و توانمندسازی اقتصادی بهره‌برداران برداشت.

http://aead.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_132158_d92ff7d9e8c02f880825d4e7a6c8263d.pdf

موسسه پژوهش های برنامه ریزی، اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه 1022-4211 32 4 2025 04 21 Investigating the Impact of Ecological Footprint and Ecological Deficit on Environmental Quality in Iran بررسی اثر ردپای بوم‌شناختی و کسری بوم‏‌شناختی بر کیفیت محیط زیست در ایران 141 178 132168 10.30490/aead.2025.366861.1623 FA علیرضا کشاورز دانشجوی دکتری بخش اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران محمدرضا سپهری دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد بخش اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران زکریا فرج زاده دانشیار بخش اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران Journal Article 2024 09 07 Introduction: The relationship between sustained economic growth and environmental sustainability has posed significant challenges for several decades. This ongoing discourse has led to the formulation of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, which posits an inverse U-shaped correlation between economic development and environmental quality. Specifically, it suggests that at lower levels of per capita income, environmental conditions tend to deteriorate, whereas beyond a certain income threshold, improvements in environmental quality are observed. A significant challenge lies in the identification and incorporation of suitable variables for assessing environmental quality. Numerous studies have utilized atmosphere quality indicators, such as air pollution levels and carbon footprints, to explore the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality. Thus, this study employed, in addition to carbon dioxide, the ecological footprint and the ecological deficit as key indicators of environmental quality in Iran. This study aimed at investigating the relationship between specific environmental variables and various influencing factors, including income, in order to assess the validity of the EKC hypothesis. Materials and Methods: The literature indicates that various factors contribute to environmental quality. To achieve the most parsimonious specification, the study employed Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) approach. The analysis of the literature indicated that output composition, urbanization, energy consumption, agricultural value added, GDP, and trade openness might serve as potential factors influencing environmental quality. In addition, concerning the stationarity of the variables’ data, the Auto-Regressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) model was utilized, as it was determined that some of the variables’ data exhibited stationarity at their first differenced values. Results and Discussion: The results obtained from GMDH approach identified energy consumption, agricultural value added, GDP, and trade openness as significant determinants of environmental quality. The study results showed that the GMDH had the ability to accurately forecast environmental quality variables, particularly ecological deficit, with a high degree of precision; in addition, the EKC hypothesis was not validated for any of the specifications in the short term while it was confirmed for all specifications in the long run. Based on the results, it is anticipated that as GDP increases, the ecological footprint will improve; however, regarding carbon dioxide emissions and ecological deficits, the Iranian economy is currently in an ascending phase, which is likely to lead to a deterioration in environmental quality. An increase of one percent in trade openness is associated with a reduction in the ecological footprint ranging from 0.11 to 0.24 percent. Similarly, a one percent rise in energy consumption leads to an increase in carbon dioxide emissions, ecological footprint, and ecological deficit by 0.28, 0.75, and 0.72 percent, respectively. In contrast, a one percent increase in agricultural value-added correlates with increases of 0.13, 0.15, and 0.46 percent in the concerned environmental indicators, respectively. Conclusion and Suggestions: The variables utilized to assess the environmental quality reveal a contrasting scenario with respect to the state of the environment. While the ecological footprint suggests a positive trend, CO2 emissions exhibit an increasing trajectory. Therefore, a more in-depth analysis of the environmental quality is suggested. It appears that the components of the ecological footprint, aside from carbon dioxide, are indicating more favorable trends. It is recommended that the policy measures focus on reducing energy consumption, promoting the use of renewable energy sources, and enhancing the Iranian economy's integration into international trade. در تحلیل رابطه میان رشد اقتصادی و کیفیت محیط زیست، بسیاری از مطالعات از متغیرهای مرتبط با کیفیت هوا مانند میزان انتشار آلودگی یا ردپای کربن استفاده کرده‌اند. در مطالعه حاضر، علاوه بر انتشار دی‌اکسیدکربن، از روش ارزیابی ردپای بوم‌شناختی و کسری بوم‌شناختی نیز به‌عنوان متغیرهای نشان‌دهنده کیفیت محیط زیست استفاده شده که در سال‌های اخیر، ردپای بوم‌‏شناختی به‌عنوان شاخصی برای تعیین کیفیت محیط زیست پذیرفته شده است، زیرا این روش ابعاد جامع‌تر محیط زیست شامل زمین‌های زراعی، چراگاه‌ها، مناطق ماهیگیری، جنگل‌ها و ردپای کربن را در نظر می‌گیرد. در پژوهش حاضر، با استفاده از روش گروهی پردازش داده‌ها (GMDH)، مهم‌ترین متغیرهای اثرگذار بر کیفیت محیط زیست انتخاب شدند. از آنجا که در مطالعات مرتبط با رابطه میان کیفیت محیط زیست و رشد اقتصادی، چندین متغیر دیده شده است، می‏‌توان از روش گروهی پردازش داده‌ها در انتخاب متغیرهای کلیدی تحلیل زیست‏‌محیطی سود جست. نتایج مطالعه نشان داد که متغیرهای مصرف انرژی، ارزش‌افزوده بخش کشاورزی، تولید ناخالص داخلی و آزادی تجارت عوامل تعیین‌کننده کیفیت محیط زیست به‌‏شمار می‌‏روند. بر اساس این نتایج، فرضیه منحنی زیست‏‌محیطی کوزنتس برای هر سه مدل در بلندمدت تأیید می‏‌شود؛ همچنین، بر حسب ردپای بوم‌شناختی، با افزایش تولید ناخالص داخلی، شرایط بوم‌شناختی بهبود می‌یابد، در حالی که با در نظر گرفتن انتشار آلودگی و کسری بوم‌شناختی، تولید ناخالص داخلی در مرحله اول منحنی زیست‌‏محیطی کوزنتس قرار دارد. ضریب متغیر آزادی تجارت نیز نشان داد که یک درصد افزایش در میزان تجارت منجر به 0/11 تا 0/24 درصد بهبود در شاخص‌های منتخب کیفیت محیط زیست می‌شود. در خصوص انرژی نیز ضرایب به‌دست‌آمده نشان داد که با یک درصد افزایش مصرف انرژی، انتشار دی‌اکسیدکربن 0/28، ردپای بوم‌شناختی 0/75 و کسری بوم‌شناختی 0/72 درصد افزایش می‌یابد. همچنین، مشخص شد که با افزایش سهم ارزش افزوده بخش کشاورزی از تولید ناخالص داخلی به میزان یک درصد، انتشار دی‌اکسیدکربن، ردپای بوم‌شناختی و کسری بوم‌شناختی، به‌‏ترتیب، 0/13، 0/15 و 0/46 درصد افزایش می‌یابد. با توجه به اثر مطلوب تجارت بر کیفیت محیط زیست، آزادسازی تجاری یمی از پیشنهادهای پژوهش حاضر و پیشنهاد دیگر آن نیز کاهش مصرف انرژی به‌ویژه از طریق کاهش یارانه حامل‌های انرژی است..

http://aead.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_132168_629da2dbd397f0fa66e2a9c23aab234e.pdf

موسسه پژوهش های برنامه ریزی، اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه 1022-4211 32 4 2025 04 21 Economic Evaluation of Optimal Cultivation Program in East Azerbaijan Province of Iran ارزیابی اقتصادی برنامه الگوی کشت بهینه در استان آذربایجان شرقی 179 220 132167 10.30490/aead.2025.367251.1630 FA علی شهنوازی استادیار بخش تحقیقات اقتصادی، اجتماعی و ترویج کشاورزی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان آذربایجان شرقی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تبریز، ایران. Journal Article 2024 10 08 Introduction: Self-sufficiency in production of agricultural products has always been a controversial topic in political economy studies.In Article 31 of the Law on Increasing the Productivity of Agriculture and Natural Resources approved on 2010 by the Islamic Parliament of I.R. Iran (IPIRI), by dividing agricultural products into strategic, special and regional specific, the scope of government intervention has been reduced and the self-sufficiency goals have been limited to only strategic products.Although this issue has led to the relative closeness of the views of the supporters and opponents of public sector interventions in economic activities, the degree of this closeness was still not enough to design and introduce the intervention model and how to implement it, so that it has the ability to provide economic and political considerations simultaneously.This issue entered a new stage with the notification of the agricultural crop cultivation pattern program for crops of 2022-2023 in 2022 and the instructions for monitoring the implementation of the National Crop Cultivation Pattern (NCCP) in the winter of 2022.The review of the studies showed that the topic of optimality was different according to assumptions, conditions and places; and they mostly compared the current situation with the ideal situation while the way to achieve the goals and the time required for this purpose were usually ignored to be defined.In practice, experiences showed that it would be difficult to change the cultivation pattern and there were many resistances in this regard.According to the budget program of 2022, the Ministry of Agriculture-Jahad (MAJ) was obliged to announce the optimal pattern of cultivation of agricultural and horticultural crops by city and province.In this regard, taking into account the water requirements of crops, land suitability information and relative advantage information, the optimal cultivation pattern for the cropping year go 2022-2023 in cooperation with the Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO).Due to the complexity, extent and variety of policies such as mechanization rate, development of new irrigation systems, education and extenssion activities, optimal use of fertilizers and other issues, the quality of program implementation has faced many challenges.Considering that in practice as one of the prominent features of NCCP, the subject of its revision and reconsideration is always the focus of program managers.In the first year of the NCCP implementation, only agricultural products were targeted and planning for adding garden products and other requirements has been assigned to the coming years.The NCCP is based on National Food Security Document (NFSD), in which quantitative and qualitative limitations such as water and soil, land capacity, performance gap and effective technical, executive, financial, political and software factors are taken into account.Economic factors, natural factors and resources factors (including climate, water and soil resources), environmental factors, social factors, and government policy factors were taken into account in the formulation of the NCCP model, which was carried out using the multi-objective planning model with the aim of maximizing gross income and water consumption efficiency.The economic evaluation of this large project at the country level is necessary according to the amounts of resources allocated to it in order to ensure the achievement of the concerned goals.In this regard, the present study addressed the economic evaluation of the implementation of the NCCP in East Azerbaijan province in the cropping year of 2022-2023.In addition, in this study, three scenarios including the basic scenario, the realized scenario, and the planned scenario were considered as well as the economic effects of program implementation were examined at micro and macro levels.In order to control the outputs resulting from the implementation of the NCCP program with the aforementioned goals and approaches, the study developed a program evaluation model, which was briefly referred to as MAB.In addition to the ability to evaluate the program, this model also provided the possibility of simulating and predicting the results of the implementation of agricultural policies in the form of the national cultivation model.By defining the time horizon, the MAB model had the ability to identify the short-term and long-term effects of program implementation.Among other prominent features of the model, we can mention its dynamics and ability to identify the impact of program implementation on macroeconomic variables such as economic growth and employment. Materials and Methods: As mentioned ealier, in this research, the topics were realized in three scenarios of cultivated area management (scenario 1), cultivated area management along with yield management (scenario 2) and cultivated area management along with yield management and fertilizer consumption (scenario 3) in three levels of the basic, realized and program situations. In order to calculate and evaluate the impact of the implementation of the NCCP program on agricultural profitability at the farm and macro levels in the cultivation sub-sector of East Azerbaijan province of Iran, the internal rate of return on investment in the production of agricultural products was calculated in a ten-year period. For this purpose, the cultivation sub-sector of the province was included as a production unit in which a set of products was produced using common inputs. By introducing the group of users of each product together and allocating the cost and income of each group separately, in addition to examining the changes in the livelihood situation at the micro level, it would be possible to analyze this issue at the macro level of the cultivation sub-sector over time. Considering that all changes resulting from the implementation of policies related to the cultivation pattern had short-term and long-term effects, as a result, the estimation of these changes would be necessary for the effective evaluation of the NCCP program. Results and Discussion: The optimal cultivation program has diverse and sometimes conflicting goals. At the level of implementation, management of cultivated area and implementation of cheap fertilizer policy are relatively more attractive compared to other goals. What is important in the evaluation of the optimal cultivation pattern program is to simultaneously pay attention to all aspects of the program so that by identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the program, the productivity management cycle can be managed in a practical way in the country's agriculture sector. The results of the research showed how only paying attention to the management of cultivated area could lead planners away from the goals of the program and affect profitability, economic growth, employment, water consumption and other key variables. Conclusion and Suggestions:The study findings indicated that managing and improving the knowledge influence rate gave the most benefit to the operators and planners from the implementation of the optimal cultivation model at the micro and macro levels.According to the findings of the research, the gross economic growth under the cultivation sub-sector of East Azerbaijan province was estimated about 3.72 percent, and the share of productivity (net economic growth) was equal to 2.48 percent.According to the plan, the predicted gross economic growth was 8.22 percent and the share of productivity was 7.23 percent.In other words, due to the use of more agricultural inputs, the goal of economic growth has almost been realized, and in contrast, there is still a significant gap in productivity.This point shows the significant role of improving productivity to achieve 8 percent growth in the agricultural economy of East Azerbaijan province in the coming years. در مطالعه حاضر، آثار اقتصادی کوتاه‌مدت و بلندمدت اجرای برنامه الگوی کشت بهینه در سال زراعی 1401-1402 در زیربخش زراعت استان آذربایجان شرقی در سطوح خرد و کلان در سناریوهای مختلف با استفاده از اطلاعات وزارت جهاد کشاورزی، داده‌های حاصل از پایش برنامه و شاخص‌های اقتصاد مهندسی در چارچوب مدل ارزیابی برنامه بررسی شد. نتایج مطالعه نشان داد که در سال زراعی 1402-1401، عملکرد گندم دیم، شلتوک، ذرت علوفه‌ای، چغندرقند بهاره، پنبه، گوجه‌فرنگی و پیاز بهبود یافته و در مقابل، عملکرد گندم آبی، جو آبی، یونجه آبی، یونجه دیم، نخود آبی، نخود دیم و سیب‌زمینی از اهداف برنامه عقب‌ مانده است؛ از این‌‏رو، الگوی پیشنهادی مصرف کودهای شیمیایی در زراعت گندم آبی و جو آبی به‌طور کامل و در زراعت سیب‌زمینی، یونجه آبی، ذرت علوفه‌ای، شلتوک، گندم دیم، یونجه دیم و نخود به‌طور نسبی رعایت شده است. همچنین، در سال پایه (سال زراعی 1401-1400)، نرخ بازده سرمایه‌گذاری در زراعت سیب‌زمینی، شلتوک، نخود آبی، یونجه دیم و یونجه آبی بیشترین سودآوری را داشته و به‌‏ترتیب، 27/27، 16/16، 10/79، 8/77 و 6/60 درصد بوده است. انتظار می‌رفت که با مدیریت عملکرد، کف سودآوری از 1/45 به 2/59 درصد افزایش یابد، اما در عمل، عدد 1/86 درصد تحقق یافت. ارزش افزوده سالانه، کل و ارزش فعلی دوره نیز به‌‏ترتیب، 1209، 12086 و 9223 میلیارد ریال شد که معادل رشد اقتصادی 2/48، 2/48 و 2/22 درصد است. در سال زراعی 1402-1401، میزان اشتغال 2/36 درصد افزایش و مصرف آب آبی و آب سبز، به‏‌ترتیب، 7/1 و 11/7 درصد کاهش یافت. بر اساس یافته‌های پژوهش، مدیریت ضریب نفوذ دانش بسیار بیشتر از مدیریت سطح زیر کشت باعث بهبود شاخص‌های مد نظر در الگوی کشت بهینه می‌شود؛ از این‌‏رو، پیشنهاد می‌شود که در سال‌های آتی، به ضریب نفوذ دانش در زیربخش زراعت استان آذربایجان شرقی اهمیت بیشتری داده شود.

http://aead.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_132167_f9da6f01e2a315fd257be59d72393996.pdf

موسسه پژوهش های برنامه ریزی، اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه 1022-4211 32 4 2025 04 21 Measuring Customer Experience and Investigating Its Effective Factors in Food Retail Markets: A Case Study of Mashhad Municipal Markets of Iran سنجش تجربه مشتری و بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر آن در بازار خرده‌‏فروشی مواد غذایی: مطالعه موردی بازارهای میوه و تره‌بار شهرداری مشهد 221 246 132177 10.30490/aead.2025.367312.1638 FA سیدمحمد فهیمی فرد استادیار، گروه سیاست،های کشاورزی و غذا، مؤسسه پژوهش‌های برنامه‌ریزی، اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-9552-846X الهام آرمات کارشناس ارشد مدیریت دولتی، دانشکده مدیریت و اقتصاد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران زینب سالاری مقدم کارشناس ارشد مدیریت دولتی، مؤسسه آموزش عالی عطار، مشهد، ایران عذرا سروش کارشناس ارشد مدیریت ارتباطات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قوچان، ایران مریم افخمی کارشناس جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری دولتی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تربت حیدریه، ایران. Journal Article 2024 11 04 Introduction: Today, before purchasing a specific product or service, customers check the opinions and experience of previous customers in various ways regarding the purchase of that product or service. On the other hand, the organization of the goods distribution system is one of the important issues of domestic trade, and for this purpose, municipal markets have been established in different cities of Iran. It is obvious that without paying due attention to the experience of the citizens, these markets will fail in the competition with other chain markets. Therefore, in this study, the customer experience and the factors affecting it were measured through a case study of permanent markets of Mashhad Municipality known as Shahrema. Materials and Methods: This research is inductive in terms of inference, and since the study results could be used by officials, planners and decision-makers of the issues related to customer relationship management in various public and private organizations, especially Mashhad Municipality, it is practical in terms of purpose. Also, in terms of method and nature, this research is of a descriptive-correlational type. In addition, the statistical population of this study included all the citizens who had purchased their necessities from the markets of Mashhad Municipality (Shahrema). The sample size of the study was estimated to be 384 people using the Cochran formula for the indefinite population and the questionnaires were distributed using a simple random method. On the other hand, the model of Garg et al. (2014) was used to measure the customer experience. This method is the most popular method for estimating the customer experience and the experience of American customers from different industries was published in Forrester magazine through this method and included 13 dimensions as follows: Physical Environment (PEN), 2. Core Services (COS), 3. Customization (CUS), 4. Value Added (VAD), 5. Convenience (CON), 6. Marketing Mixes (MMX), 7. Staff (STF), 8. Speed (SPE), 9. Service Process (SPR), 10. Customers Engagement (CEN), 11. Presence of Other Customers (POC), 12. Beauty of Online Environment (BOE), 13. Online Happiness Environment (OHE). Results and Discussion: The study results showed that the total number for the customer experience from Mashhad municipal markets was equal to 20.35, placing in the medium to good range. In addition, the results of the F test regarding the statistical difference between the averages in different groups of customers showed that the number for the customer experience had a significant difference between different groups. So, the numbers for the customer experiences of group 1 (female) and group 7 (diploma and sub-diploma) were the lowest and highest scores, respectively. Also, "individual factors", "psychological factors", "social-cultural factors", "situational factors" and "marketing mix" formed the factors affecting the customer experiences, and among them, "macroeconomic conditions of the country" and " empowering customers", played the role of intervening factors. In addition, the study findings partially confirmed the results of the study by Derakhshani and Mahmoudi (2014), which examined the relationship between the customer experience management and customer loyalty and found that the functional part of the organization had a significant effect on the customer experience. Also, the study results are consistent with some of the findings of the study by Seyyedamiri et al. (2022), identifying the effect of sensory stimuli of aroma and color on the sensory experiences of customers of online food retailers and indicating that product features have an effect on the customer experience. On the other hand, the study findings partially confirm the results of the study by Fang et al. (2023), which examined the mediating role of the customer experience on the relationship of perceived quality and brand image with the customer commitment in retail and found that company image and the perceived quality would lead to strengthening the customer experience. Conclusion and Suggestions: The results showed that the food retail markets of Mashhad municipality had created a good experience for the citizens. Also, since the study results showed that among the dimensions of customer experience, the services related to the beauty and enjoyment of the online environment had the lowest score, and considering the importance of online shopping in reducing traffic and saving time, it is suggested that the municipal market officials take the necessary measures to increase customers' willingness to shop online; in addition, after the online environment, the core service dimension (1. Price proportionality to customers' purchasing power, 2. Quality of goods, and 3. Space for parking customers' cars) had the lowest score, it is therefore suggested that the officials of the aforementioned markets monitor the price and quality of fruits, vegetables, and general food offered and even plan to locate the markets in places with sufficient space for parking cars. On the other hand, since the study results showed that the marketing mix and situational factors affected the customer experience of municipal markets, it is suggested that the officials of the aforementioned markets focus more on categories such as advertising, incentives, brand affiliation and association, store space, speed of service provision, appearance and behavior of employees in order to improve the customer experience. Finally, since the study results showed that macroeconomic conditions and customer empowerment had an intervening role in the customer experience of municipal markets, it is suggested that the officials of the aforementioned markets provide more discounts to vulnerable segments of society during unfavorable economic conditions (by allocating discount purchase credit cards), increase customer awareness in order to improve consumption patterns, and establish customer clubs. امروزه، مشتریان، پیش از اقدام به خرید یک کالا یا خدمت خاص، از راه‌‏های مختلف به بررسی نظرات و تجربه مشتریان پیشین در زمینه خرید آن کالا یا خدمت می‌پردازند. تجربه مشتری دارای ماهیتی جامع بوده و شامل ادراکات، عاطفه و واکنش‌های احساسی، اجتماعی و فیزیکی مشتری ناشی از مصرف کالا یا خدمت خاص است. از طرف دیگر، سامان‏دهی نظام توزیع کالا از مسائل مهم بازرگانی داخلی بوده که بدین منظور، بازارهای میوه و تره‌بار شهرداری در شهرهای مختلف کشور ایجاد شده است. بی‌تردید، عدم توجه به تجربه مشتریان از سوی بازارهای یادشده بر احتمال شکست بازارهای میوه و تره‌بار شهرداری‏‌ها در رقابت با سایر بازارهای زنجیرهای خواهد افزود. از این‌رو، در مطالعه حاضر، به سنجش تجربه مشتری و عوامل مؤثر بر آن با مطالعه موردی بازارهای دائمی میوه و تره‌بار شهرداری مشهد (شهرما) پرداخته شد. بدین منظور، برای سنجش تجربه مشتری، از مدل گارگ و همکاران (Garg et al., 2014) و برای بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر آن، از روش حداقل مربعات جزئی (PLS) استفاده شد. همچنین، برای تعیین حجم نمونه، با استفاده از رابطه کوکران برای جامعه نامحدود، پرسشنامه‌ها میان 384 نفر از مشتریان به‌صورت تصادفی توزیع شد. نتایج نشان داد که عدد کلی تجربه مشتری 20/35 است که در بازه متوسط تا خوب قرار می‌گیرد؛ همچنین، «عوامل فردی»، «عوامل روان‏شناختی»، «عوامل فرهنگی- اجتماعی»، «عوامل موقعیتی» و «آمیخته بازاریابی» عوامل مؤثر بر تجربه مشتری را شکل می‏‌دهند و در این میان، «شرایط کلان اقتصادی کشور» و «توانمندسازی مشتریان»، نقش عوامل مداخله‌گر را ایفا می‌کنند. در نهایت، از آنجا که بر اساس نتایج مطالعه، در میان ابعاد تجربه مشتری، «خدمات مربوط به محیط برخط (آنلاین)» از کمترین امتیاز برخوردار بوده، و نیز با توجه به اهمیت خرید برخط در کاهش تردد (ترافیک) و صرفه‌جویی در زمان، به مسئولان بازارهای شهرما پیشنهاد می‏‌شود که در زمینه افزایش فروش برخط، تمهیدات لازم را بیندیشند.

http://aead.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_132177_a5996e86890a093f55f37ed7688566c8.pdf

موسسه پژوهش های برنامه ریزی، اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه 1022-4211 32 4 2025 04 21 Causality Assessment between Prices in Potato Supply Chain in Tehran ارزیابی علیت بین قیمت‌ها در زنجیره تأمین محصول سیب‌زمینی در تهران 247 268 132178 10.30490/aead.2025.367297.1635 FA حامد نجفی علمدارلو دانشیار گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-5842-7512 سیده سمانه عباس میری دانش‌آموخته دکتری اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران. مهناز کلانتری پور دانش‌آموخته دکتری اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2024 10 20 Introduction: In the current world, supply chains play a critical role in the functioning of various markets, particularly in agriculture. Fresh agricultural products, such as fruits and vegetables, are highly perishable, i.e. they have a limited shelf life. Furthermore, unlike other products, their quality continuously deteriorates throughout the various activities of the supply chain. Consequently, managing the supply chain network for these products is highly complex rather than other products. Supply chain management refers to all activities involving the flow of commodities and information from manufacturing to consumption. These products are easily contaminated by environmental causes and spoil during distribution and movement along the supply chain. As a result, the supply chain for perishable agricultural products aims to transport the product from the farm to consumer in the shortest amount of time, at the lowest cost, and in the best possible condition and quality. Over recent years, the importance of fresh fruits and vegetables has grown significantly with the increasing demand from health-conscious consumers. This has made the quality and availability of fruits and vegetables throughout the year a major concern. Price variations and volatility are major issues in the agricultural supply chain, and they are driven by a variety of factors including meteorological conditions, government policies, domestic and overseas production and demand as well as transportation and storage costs. Potatoes are a vital product in Iran, playing an important role in providing food security and employment due to their nutritional and economic value. Iran is ranked thirteenth in the world for potato production, with about 5,500 thousand tons grown on more than 149 thousand hectares. Given the significance of this product, determining and analyzing the causation between different prices along its supply chain, from production to consumption, is a basic problem in agricultural economics. Since potatoes are a product with high consumer demand in the country, assessing the factors influencing the price changes might provide useful information to agricultural policy and decision makers. Overall, past research indicates that assessing the causality between prices in the agricultural supply chain, particularly potatoes in Iran, is a critical problem in the agricultural economics. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the causal relationship between pricing differences in Iran's potato supply chain. Materials and Methods: In this study, the causal relationship between prices in the potato supply chain was investigated using econometric techniques and to determine if changes in one price level would cause changes in others, the Granger causality test was specifically used to investigate the directionality and causation linkages between these price levels. Using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), the dynamic relationships and short- and long-term impacts were further examined. When examining cointegrated time series data, the VECM model is very helpful, since it sheds light on both the short-term dynamics and long-term equilibrium correlations between prices. Over a predetermined time period, data for the study was gathered from a variety of sources, including farm-gate pricing, wholesale prices, and retail prices. These econometric methods made it possible to thoroughly examine the mechanisms by which prices were transmitted, to pinpoint causal relationships as well as to evaluate the scope and velocity of the price changes at various supply chain stages. Results and Discussion: The weekly potato price chart for Tehran (2016-2023) showed a large price discrepancy between the retail and farm-gate levels; as indicated, market margins were also inequitable, and in some circumstances, an increase in farm-gate prices reduced the market margins. Specifically, the prices in 2019 and 2022 were greater than those in the previous years. According to the Granger causality test, the farm-gate prices had a unidirectional causal relationship with all subsequent price levels. This suggests that the farm-gate price is the most important element in determining pricing for the remaining links in the supply chain. The VECM empirical model also revealed that the farm-gate price had the greatest impact on explaining the forecast inaccuracy of other price levels. Conclusion and Suggestions: The study findings showed that the farm-gate prices were a crucial determinant of pricing across the potato supply chain, influencing all subsequent price levels (wholesale and retail); also, the farm-gate price had a one-way causal relationship with both retail and wholesale prices, whereas the changes in lower-level prices rarely had an impact on the farm-gate price. This indicates an imbalance in the market margins and increased bargaining power at lower levels of the supply chain, emphasizing the importance of effective monitoring and policymaking. Thus, the policymakers should prioritize cost reduction and price optimization at the point of origin (farm-gate) over final market prices. Furthermore, given the importance of the farm-gate pricing, creating favorable conditions to promote output and increase supply at this level can help reduce the price fluctuations and strengthen the supply chain. Although wholesalers' collaboration has allowed them to keep a portion of the consumer price, their effect is smaller than that of farm-gate prices. To increase the supply chain's efficiency and sustainability, proper farm-level supply and demand management policies must be developed. Identifying these causal links might help farmers and other stakeholders make better decisions to reduce the risks associated with the price changes. در بخش کشاورزی، زنجیره تأمین نقشی حیاتی در رساندن محصول باکیفیت و به‏‌موقع به‌‏دست مصرف‌کننده دارد. این زنجیره با چالش‌هایی مانند نوسان‌‏های قیمت، فسادپذیری محصول و تغییرات آب‏‌وهوایی مواجه است. در این راستا، تحلیل علّیت بین قیمت‌های مختلف در این زنجیره از اهمیت زیادی برخوردار است، چراکه به کمک این تحلیل، می‌توان میزان تأثیرپذیری بخش‌های مختلف زنجیره از تغییرات قیمت در سایر بخش‌ها را شناسایی و در نتیجه، راهکارهایی برای بهبود کارآیی و پایداری زنجیره تأمین ارائه داد. هدف اصلی پژوهش حاضر بررسی رابطه علیت بین قیمت‌ها در زنجیره تأمین سیب‌زمینی بود. بدین منظور، با استفاده از علیت گرنجر و مدل تصحیح خطای برداری (VECM)، تأثیر قیمت‌های سرمزرعه، عمده‌فروشی و خرده‌فروشی در سطح میادین و خردهفروشی در سطح شهر تهران با استفاده از داده‌های هفتگی طی دوره زمانی 1395 تا 1402 مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج مطالعه نشان داد که قیمت سرمزرعه به‏‌عنوان محرک اصلی عمل می‌کند و تغییرات قیمت در این سطح تأثیر مستقیم و قابل توجه بر قیمت‌های سایر سطوح زنجیره دارد؛ به دیگر سخن، هرگونه تغییر در قیمت سیب‌زمینی در مزرعه، به‌‏طور مستقیم بر قیمت‌های عمده‌فروشی و خرده‌فروشی تأثیر می‌گذارد. در این راستا، توجه به سیاست‌های کنترل قیمت در سطح بازار خردهفروشی چندان اثربخش نیست، چراکه این سطح از تغییرات قیمتی در سرمزرعه تأثیر می‏‌پذیرد. بنابراین، پیشنهاد می‌شود که سیاستگذاران، به‏‌جای تمرکز بر کنترل قیمت‌ها در سطح خرده‌فروشی، روی کاهش هزینه‌های تولید و قیمت‌های سرمزرعه تمرکز کنند. این سیاست‌ها می‌توانند شامل حمایت‌های مالی برای کشاورزان، بهبود فناوری‌های تولید، یا کاهش هزینه‌های ورودی باشند که به نوبه خود، می‌توانند به کاهش قیمت‌های عمده‌فروشی و خرده‌فروشی کمک کنند. در این صورت، انتقال قیمت از سرمزرعه به سایر سطوح به‏‌گونه‏‌ای مؤثر کنترل خواهد شد و نوسان‌‏های قیمتی در بازار کاهش می‌یابد.

http://aead.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_132178_3f92b9e6169016db21873da9cd07b0c8.pdf

موسسه پژوهش های برنامه ریزی، اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه 1022-4211 32 4 2025 04 21 Investigation of Factors Affecting the Technical and Energy Efficiencies of Onion Production in Tabriz Plain of Iran: Application and Comparison of Physical and Energy Equivalent Production Functions بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر کارآیی فنی و انرژی تولید پیاز در دشت تبریز: کاربرد و مقایسه توابع تولید فیزیکی و هم‌ارز انرژی 269 291 132180 10.30490/aead.2025.365607.1595 FA الهه قاسمی دانشجوی دکتری اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران. قادر دشتی استاد اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران. 0000-0002-9292-3843 محمد قهرمان زاده استاد اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران. Journal Article 2024 04 29 Introduction: Over recent decades, one of the major challenges for developing countries such as Iran has been how to increase agricultural production and ensure food security. In this regard, the optimal utilization of resources, particularly energy, is crucial for improving the efficiency of agricultural units and reducing environmental pollution. With population growth and rising living standards, energy demand in agriculture has increased while land constraints have further exacerbated the challenges in this sector. The pattern of resource use and energy losses in agricultural production has made this sector a significant contributor to the country's total energy consumption. Given that agriculture is both an energy consumer and producer, a reciprocal relationship exists between the two. Accordingly, this study aimed at measuring the technical and energy efficiencies of onion production and identifying the factors influencing them in the Tabriz Plain. Materials and Methods: In this study, two approaches, including parametric and nonparametric, were employed to estimate the efficiency of onion production. The parametric approach utilizes Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) while the nonparametric approach is based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). However, the stochastic frontier production function has gained more attention among researchers due to its higher precision and flexibility. To determine the appropriate functional form for estimating the stochastic frontier production function, the likelihood ratio test was conducted between the translog and Cobb-Douglas forms, with results indicating the superiority of the translog function. This function was used to estimate the production function. Furthermore, to estimate the energy-equivalent production function and calculate energy efficiency, the physical quantities of inputs and output were converted into energy equivalents. After determining the technical and energy efficiency values, the factors affecting these efficiencies were analyzed. Since the dependent variable (efficiency) was limited within the range of zero and one, the tobit regression model was used to obtain more efficient estimations of the effective factors. Accordingly, tobit regression was used to analyze the determinants of efficiency in onion farms in the Tabriz Plain. Using Cochran’s formula, the sample size was determined to be 140. The required data were collected through face-to-face interviews and structured questionnaires from 140 onion farmers in the Tabriz Plain during the 2022-2023 cropping year. Results and Discussion: The estimation of the stochastic frontier translog production function showed that the physical and energy-equivalent of inputs such as seeds, labor, water, pesticides and fertilizers had significant impacts on both the physical output and energy output. This suggests alignment and consistency between the two functions. Based on the results, the average technical efficiency was estimated at 73 percent. The existence of 27 percent inefficiency indicated potential for increasing efficiency and achieving maximum output without changing the input levels. Additionally, the average energy efficiency was found to be 74 percent, and with the proper and efficient use of energy inputs and adherence to management principles, energy efficiency in the produced output can be increased by approximately 26 percent on average. It is observed that the efficiency, based on either the physical function or the energy-equivalent function, does not differ significantly and thus, the inefficiency values are relatively the same. The results of the tobit model estimation showed that the age had a significantly positive effect on both technical and energy efficiencies. The marginal effect of age indicates that, on average, a one-year increase in the age of producers results in a 0.0043 percent increase in technical efficiency and a 0.0045 percent increase in energy efficiency; in addition, factors such as education, cultivated area, income and participation in extension training programs also had a positive impact on both technical and energy efficiencies; in contrast, the number of land plots had a negative effect on both efficiencies, as the fragmentation and dispersion of onion farms would lead to a reduction in both technical and energy efficiencies. As shown by the study results, an inverse relationship exists between the number of land plots and efficiency where each additional plot reduces technical and energy efficiencies by 0.103 and 0.112 percent, respectively, due to increased time and effort required for farm management. Conversely, larger cultivated areas enhance efficiency, as farmers benefit from economies of scale, making production more cost-effective. Conclusion and Suggestions: Based on the results, relation with educated and experienced farmers is recommended to improve technical and energy efficiencies. Utilizing their technical knowledge, skills and experience can contribute to optimizing the input use and increasing the agricultural production. Moreover, promoting sustainable farming practices, such as efficient irrigation techniques and precise management of fertilizers and pesticides, is among the key strategies that can improve the efficiency. Additionally, cultivating crops on larger and more consolidated farms enhances the efficiency and allows the farmers to benefit from the economies of scale, because managing larger fields is more centralized and cost-effective, leading to reduced operational expenses. As revealed by the concerned research, larger farms have greater access to advanced technologies, mechanized farming and modern management systems, ultimately improving productivity and minimizing resource wastage. Since an increase in the number of land plots negatively affects efficiency, it is recommended that farmers utilize larger and integrated lands for crop production to achieve higher productivity and profitability. Land consolidation facilitates more effective crop rotation, optimal use of agricultural machinery and lower costs associated with field management and transportation, all of which contribute to better economic and environmental performance in agriculture. مهم‏‌ترین هدف بخش کشاورزی در فرآیند توسعه، تأمین نیازهای غذایی جمعیت رو به رشد جهان است. بنابراین، بهره‌گیری اصولی از منابعی همچون انرژی در راستای ارتقای کارآیی واحدهای کشاورزی و کاهش آلودگی‌های زیست‌محیطی ضرورت می‌یابد. بدین ترتیب، هدف مطالعه حاضر اندازه‌گیری کارآیی فنی و انرژی تولید پیاز در دشت تبریز و تعیین عوامل مؤثر بر آن بود. داده‌های مورد نیاز از طریق تکمیل پرسشنامه از 140 کشاورز پیازکار منطقه در سال زراعی 1402-1401 جمعآوری و سپس، با استفاده از روش هم‌ارزهای استاندارد، به واحد انرژی تبدیل شدند. آنگاه برای محاسبه کارآیی، برآورد توابع تولید فیزیکی و همارز انرژی با رهیافت تولید مرزی تصادفی صورت گرفت. همچنین، برای شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر کارآیی، الگوی رگرسیونی توبیت به‌کار گرفته شد. نتایج تخمین تابع ترانسلوگ مرزی تصادفی مؤید آن بود که عوامل تولید بذر، آب، نیروی کار، کود شیمیایی و سم دارای تأثیر معنی‌دار بر مقدار تولید و انرژی خروجی محصول پیاز دارند. همچنین، برابر یافته‌های پژوهش، میانگین کارآیی فنی برابر با 73 درصد و کارآیی انرژی 74 درصد بود. برآورد الگوی توبیت نشان داد که سن، سطح تحصیلات، تعداد قطعات زمین زراعی، میزان سطح زیر کشت، درآمد کشاورز و شرکت در کلاس‌های ترویجی از جمله عوامل تأثیرگذار بر کارآیی فنی و انرژی بودند. از این‏رو، نتایج و یافته‌های مربوط به مقادیر کارآیی و عوامل تأثیرگذار بر آن در هر دو مورد همسو و تقریباً یکسان بوده و برای افزایش کارآیی فنی و انرژی، تماس و بهره‌گیری از تجارب و مهارت‌های کاربردی کشاورزان باسابقه توصیه می‌شود؛ افزون بر این، با تولید محصول در قطعات محدود ولی بزرگ‏تر، می‌توان به افزایش کارآیی و بهره‌مندی از مزایای صرفه‌های مقیاس دست یافت.

http://aead.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_132180_e27aea28b4816f6f2dae9df1b185c64e.pdf

موسسه پژوهش های برنامه ریزی، اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه 1022-4211 32 4 2025 04 21 Investigating the Chicken Meat Price Transmission Behavior under Structural Breaks in Iran بررسی رفتار انتقال قیمت گوشت مرغ با لحاظ شکست‌های ساختاری در ایران 293 328 132186 10.30490/aead.2025.367339.1645 FA الهام وفایی استادیار مرکز پژوهش‌های توسعه و آینده‌نگری، تهران، ایران مهدی پندار دانشیار گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده اقتصاد و توسعه کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران. محمد رضوانی دانشجوی دکتری گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی ، دانشکده اقتصاد و توسعه کشاورزی ، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران میلاد اتقایی دانشجوی دکتری گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی ، دانشکده اقتصاد و توسعه کشاورزی ، دانشگاه تهران،کرج، ایران Journal Article 2024 12 07 Introduction: In many countries, agricultural product markets face the challenges related to pricing inefficiencies across various sectors and marketing channels. A major source of this inefficiency is asymmetric price transmission, where price increases and decreases at one level of the marketing chain are transmitted to other levels at different rates. The impact of price changes at one market level on others (i.e. how price transmission functions) significantly affects the welfare of producers, marketing agents, and consumers. Asymmetric transmission benefits intermediaries while harming producers and consumers by imposing additional costs. Examining vertical price transmission reveals power imbalances among supply chain actors, allowing researchers to identify bottlenecks, market power, and inefficiencies within the system. Furthermore, researchers can assess the impact of policies (like subsidies) on supply chain actors by analyzing how these policies affect price transmission. Understanding vertical price transmission is crucial for designing effective pricing policies and ensuring market stability. Analyzing how price shocks propagate through the chain improves decision-making, regulations, and stakeholder support, ultimately leading to improved food access, price stability, and enhanced food security. Therefore, considering the importance of price transmission, this study aimed at evaluating price transmission behavior at different levels of the chicken meat market from April 2014 to March 2024. Additionally, to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the elimination of preferential currency, two dummy variables were added to the model. For the COVID-19 dummy variable, a value of one was assigned to the months from March 2020 to March 2022, and zero to all other months. Similarly, for the preferential currency elimination dummy variable, a value of one was assigned to the months from May 2022 to March 2024, and zero to all other months. Materials and Methods: To investigate the price transmission, the stationarity of the variables and the cointegration between them were first tested. Subsequently, the causal relationship between the variables was examined. Finally, the Error Correction Model (ECM) was applied to investigate the transmission process. To account for structural breaks resulting from different price shocks, Fourier approximation was used at all stages of the analysis. This study employed monthly time series data from April 2014 to March 2024 to examine price transmission across different levels of the chicken meat market. Results and Discussion: The results of the unit root test indicated that chicken prices at all three levels were first-order stationary. The findings from the Fourier cointegration test, which examined the cointegration relationships between chicken prices at different levels, indicated a number of causal relationships as follows: Between the price of live chicken at the poultry farm and the price of chicken meat at the slaughterhouse. Between the price of chicken meat at the slaughterhouse and the price of chicken meat at the retail level. Between the price of live chicken at the poultry farm and the price of chicken meat at the retail level. These results suggest a bidirectional causal relationship at various levels of the chicken meat market. In other words, the price of chicken at any level is influenced not only by the prices at other levels but also exerts an influence on them. Consequently, the effects of various shocks, whether positive or negative, are not limited to production but are transmitted to the prices at the slaughterhouse level and consumer prices. In addition, shocks in the market also affect the prices at the farm (poultry farms) level. The study findings indicated that the elasticities of price increases were greater than those of price decreases at different levels, and the symmetry test in the short run revealed the evidence of asymmetric price transmission. In contrast, the long-run symmetry test showed that the price transmission was symmetric across various market levels. The results also highlighted some positive effects of the COVID-19 and the elimination of preferential currency on chicken price changes at the retail level, suggesting that the COVID-19 pandemic and the elimination of preferential currency had increased the price volatility. However, considering the estimated elasticities, the response of chicken meat price changes at the retail level to the COVID-19 pandemic and the elimination of preferential currency was relatively negligible. Conclusion and Suggestions: Despite the asymmetric price transmission in the short run, it is evident that government intervention is necessary to correct the pricing process. Therefore, it is recommended to ensure the supply of poultry inputs at reasonable prices, support domestic production of poultry inputs, allocate bank facilities under favorable conditions for poultry farmers, and improve the supply chain to reduce production costs. Due to the asymmetry in price transmission in the chicken meat market, consumers often pay more than the total cost, resulting in losses, while marketing agents benefit from price fluctuations and uncertainty. To support the consumers, the government can implement policies such as stockpiling and distributing chicken during shortages or price increases and setting price ceilings for chicken during critical and necessary times. یکی از مسائل مهم تأثیرگذار بر سطح رفاه تولیدکنندگان، عوامل بازاریابی و مصرف‌کنندگان چگونگی انتقال قیمت در سطوح مختلف بازار است. بنابراین، با توجه به اهمیت چگونگی انتقال قیمت، در پژوهش حاضر، به ارزیابی رفتار انتقال قیمت در سطوح مختلف بازار گوشت مرغ در بازه زمانی فروردین 1393 تا اسفند 1402 پرداخته شد. بدین منظور، ابتدا آزمون ایستایی متغیرها و هم‌انباشتگی بین آنها و سپس، آزمون رابطه علی بین متغیرها صورت گرفت. در نهایت، از مدل تصحیح خطا (ECM)) در بررسی چگونگی انتقال قیمت استفاده شد. با توجه به تکانه‌های مختلف، از تقریب فوریه برای لحاظ شکست‌های ساختاری در تمام مراحل بررسی چگونگی انتقال قیمت بهره گرفته شد. نتایج بیانگر رابطه علی دوطرفه بین قیمت مرغ در سطوح مختلف و انتقال نامتقارن قیمت در کوتاه‌مدت و انتقال متقارن آن در بلندمدت بود. با توجه به انتقال نامتقارن قیمت در کوتاه‌مدت، می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که دخالت دولت برای اصلاح فرآیند قیمت در کوتاه‌مدت ضروری است. بنابراین، تأمین نهاده‌های طیور با قیمت مناسب، حمایت از تولید داخلی نهاده‌های طیور، تخصیص تسهیلات بانکی با شرایط مناسب به مرغداران و بهبود زنجیره تأمین برای کاهش هزینه تولید توصیه می‌شود. در نتیجه عدم تقارن در انتقال قیمت در بازار گوشت مرغ، مصرف‌کنندگان با پرداخت قیمته بیش از هزینه تمام‌‏شده، متضرر می‌شوند و عوامل بازاریابی از نوسان‌های قیمت سود می‌جویند. از این‏‌رو، دولت می‌تواند با اجرای سیاست‌هایی نظیر ذخیره‌سازی و توزیع مرغ در مواقع کمبود و یا افزایش قیمت و تعیین سقف قیمت برای مرغ در مواقع بحرانی و ضروری، از مصرف‌کنندگان حمایت کند.

http://aead.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_132186_c5f0f51dbd5f8f9d0eabcea943a9a513.pdf