Introduction: The agricultural food supply chain plays a pivotal role in ensuring food security, safeguarding public health, and advancing sustainable development goals. In the face of rapid population growth, climate change, economic fluctuations, and geopolitical uncertainties, the need for resilient and sustainable supply chains has become more pressing than ever. A robust agricultural food supply chain not only guarantees the steady availability of nutritious food but also supports rural livelihoods, stimulates economic growth, and preserves environmental resources for future generations. However, the transition toward sustainability is complex and challenging. In many agricultural regions, outdated infrastructure, limited access to advanced technologies, fragmented market structures, and insufficient farmer training hinder progress. Additionally, political instability, environmental degradation, and the impact of international sanctions exacerbate these constraints. Overcoming such challenges requires a holistic approach that integrates economic, social, and environmental priorities into coherent strategies and feasible policies. Although the global body of literature on sustainable supply chains has grown significantly, many studies tend to focus on individual dimensions such as economic performance, social welfare, or environmental protection, without adequately capturing their interdependencies. This lack of integration limits the ability of policymakers and practitioners to address systemic issues effectively. There is a pressing need for a comprehensive evaluation framework that identifies, prioritizes, and analyzes sustainability indicators in an integrated manner. Such a framework would allow for the identification of both the most critical factors and the causal (cause-and-effect) relationships that underpin the performance of the supply chain. In response to this gap, this study aimed at identifying, prioritizing, and analyzing the most influential indicators of a sustainable agricultural food supply chain in 2024. A mixed-method approach was employed, integrating qualitative insights with quantitative modeling to deliver a robust analytical framework. 
Materials and Methods: The research was conducted in two main phases (including qualitative and quantitative) following a sequential design to ensure analytical depth. In the qualitative phase, a systematic review of 44 scholarly articles published between 2015 and 2024 was conducted to develop a preliminary conceptual model. The literature encompassed diverse themes, including resource efficiency, socio-economic equity, environmental stewardship, and technology adoption. Building on this model, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 purposively selected experts, each with at least 10 years of experience and specialized knowledge in sustainable agricultural food supply chains. The interviews continued until theoretical saturation was achieved, ensuring a comprehensive capture of perspectives. The data from interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis guided by Clarke’s six-stage coding process, incorporating both open and axial coding. MAXQDA 2022 software was used to facilitate the analysis and organization of data. The paradigmatic model derived from the coding process was refined through iterative feedback sessions with participating experts. To ensure validity and reliability, validation measures such as member checking, peer debriefing, and consensus assessment were applied. In the quantitative phase, the indicators validated in the qualitative phase were evaluated using the fuzzy Delphi method to reach consensus on their relative importance. The same group of experts participated in this stage, leading to the identification of 12 high-priority indicators. These indicators were subsequently analyzed using the fuzzy DEMATEL method to determine the causal relationships and to classify indicators based on their level of influence and dependence. This analysis made it possible to distinguish between driving factors and dependent factors, providing strategic insight into where interventions would be most effective.
Results and Discussion: The study results revealed that among the three dimensions of sustainability (i.e. economic, social, and environmental), the economic dimension held the greatest importance in influencing the overall sustainability of the agricultural food supply chain. Within this dimension, support performance, adoption of region-specific technologies, and enhancement of farmers’ knowledge and skills were identified as the most effective criteria. In the social dimension, political, social, and cultural factors emerged as critical, particularly in shaping stakeholder engagement and policy effectiveness. The persistent effects of economic sanctions were also highlighted as significant barriers that would limit access to technology, financial resources, and international market opportunities. In the environmental dimension, challenges such as water scarcity, soil degradation, and biodiversity loss were recognized as major threats to long-term sustainability. The fuzzy DEMATEL analysis indicated that environmental management challenges, political-social-cultural factors, and sanctions were among the primary driving forces in the system, influencing multiple other indicators. These findings highlighted the interconnected nature of sustainability challenges and emphasized the need for integrated strategies. For example, adopting advanced yet locally appropriate technologies could improve productivity while reducing environmental impact, and implementing inclusive social policies could enhance farmer participation and resilience. Without addressing these interdependencies, isolated measures are unlikely to yield sustainable outcomes.
Conclusion and Suggestions: This study provided a comprehensive framework for understanding and enhancing the sustainability of agricultural food supply chains. The study findings highlighted the need for strategies that would address economic, social, and environmental factors in a balanced and interconnected manner. Based on the results, several strategic recommendations were proposed: developing targeted support policies, including subsidies, tax incentives, and access to affordable credit, to strengthen farmers’ financial stability and encourage the adoption of sustainable practices; promoting the adoption of locally appropriate technologies that improve productivity while conserving resources and reducing environmental impacts; strengthening capacity-building initiatives to equip farmers with the skills and knowledge required to adapt to changing market and environmental conditions; mitigating the impact of political and economic sanctions by fostering domestic innovation, enhancing regional trade partnerships, and diversifying export markets; and implementing comprehensive environmental management policies focusing on water conservation, soil fertility restoration, biodiversity preservation, and climate adaptation. By integrating these measures, stakeholders can build a more resilient, adaptable, and future-ready agricultural food supply chain. The methodological approach of combining qualitative thematic analysis with fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making techniques offers a replicable model for similar sustainability assessments in other sectors. Achieving sustainability in the agricultural food supply chain is not a one-off goal but a continuous process that demands collaboration among policymakers, producers, researchers, and consumers. Prioritizing key indicators, understanding their interactions, and implementing evidence-based strategies will enable significant progress toward food security, public health improvement, and sustainable development in a complex and uncertain global context