Agricultural Economics and Development

Agricultural Economics and Development

Investigating the effect of three international treaties on environmental pollution: Application of Propensity Score Matching

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
E. Pishbahar 1
F. Mirzakhani 2
B. Hayati 3
1 Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran
2 MSc. Graduate in Agricultural Economics, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran
3 Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran
10.30490/aead.2021.327951.1146
Abstract
The impact of global climate change warnings and ozone depletion on the global economy has attracted many researchers in recent decades, and many international organizations have taken action in response to these problems, including co-engagement Montreal, Kyoto, and Paris treaties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the emission of some pollutants as an indicator of environmental pollution and macroeconomic variables such as energy consumption and foreign trade, and the effects of the obligations of member states in these treaties on the emissions of these pollutants. To this end, the matching approach has been used based on the desirability and regression of the difference-in-difference. The results of the alignment approach indicate a reduction in the emissions of carbon dioxide and total greenhouse gases for the Kyoto Protocol, and for the Montreal Treaty, the results of the alignment approach have contributed to the reduction of pollutants of hydro-fluorocarbons.
Keywords
Environmental pollution
Foreign Trade
International treaties
Propensity Score Matching
Difference in Difference Regression
  1. Aakvik, A. and Tjotta, S. (2011). Do collective actions clear common air? The effect of international environmental protocols on sulphor emissions. European Journal of Political Economy, 27(2): 343-351.
  2. Aichele, R. and Felbermayr, G. (2012). Kyoto and carbon footprint of nations. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 63(3): 336-354.
  3. Alizadeh, R., Maknoon, R., Majidpour, M. and Salimi, J. (2014). Energy policy in Iran and international greenhouse gas emission commitments. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 17: 183-198. (Persian)
  4. Amanda, M.R. (2015). The failure of the kyoto protocol on climate change. Politics and Policy, 43: 30-58.
  5. Ataba, F., Seddiqi, A.A. and Tavakkoli, N. (2010). Review of the obligations and provisions of the Climate Change Convention and assessment of its implementation in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 12, 153-154. (Persian)
  6. Babiker, M., Reilly, J.M. and Jacoby, H.D. (2000). The Kyoto protocol and developing countries. Energy Policy, 28: 525-536..
  7. Bohringer, C.H. and Vog, C. (2003). Economic and environmental impacts of the Kyoto protocol. Canadian Journal of Economics, 2: 475-496.
  8. Brown Weiss, F. (2009). The Vienna Convention for the protection of the ozone layer and the Montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer. Available at un.org/law/avl.
  9. Caliendo, M. and Kopeinig, S. (2005). Some practical guidance for the implementation of propensity score matching. Journal of Economic Surveys, 22: 31-72.
  10. Davari Tuchahi, E. (2010). Montreal protocol to protect the ozone layer. Paper Presented at the First National Conference on Sustainable Agriculture and the Production of Healthy Products, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center. (Persian)
  11. Felder, S. and Rutherford, T. (1993). Unilateral CO2 reductions and carbon leakage: the consequences of international trade in oil and basic materials. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 25: 162-176.
  12. Filsaraei, M. (2015). An introduction to the statistical analysis methodology based on Propensity Score Matching (PSM) in financial, economics and accounting Research. Economic Journal, 15: 22-25. (Persian)
  13. Fotros, M.H., Ferdowsi, M. and Mehpayma, H. (2011). An examination of energy intensity and urbanization effect on environmental degradation in Iran (a cointegration analysis). Journal of Environmental Studies, 37(60): 13-22. (Persian)
  14. Frank, J. (2004). The impact of a revised Kyoto protocol on developing countries. Available at http://www.hks.harvard.edu.
  15. Grossman, G.M. and Kruger, A.B. (1991). Environmental impact of North American Free Trade Agreement (pp. 2-25). Cambridge MA: MIT.
  16. Heckman, J.J., Ichimure, H. and Todd, P. (1997). Matching as an econometric evaluation estimator: evidence from evaluating a job training program. Review of Economic Studies, 65: 261-294.
  17. Keshavarz Haddad, G.R. (2016). Microeconomic metrology and policy assessment. Tehran: Ney. (Persian)
  18. Keshavarz Haddad, G.R. and Heidari, H. (2015). Bond type policy valuation in company credit value and loan-feeding ration: propensity scores matching approach. Journal of Monetary and Banking Research, 8: 331-354. (Persian)
  19. Koroni, M.A. (2011). Review of the Kyoto protocol's clean development mechanism project process. Paper Presented at the First International Urban Bicycle Conference, Tehran. (Persian)
  20. Mohammadi, H., Abbasi, F. and Karbakhsh Ravari, S. (2017). Assessment of environmental and economic consequences of global warming with emphasis on the achievements of Kyoto protocol implementation in Iran. Environmental Researches, 14: 17-23. (Persian)
  21. Pan, D. (2014). The impact of agricultural extension on farmer nutrient management behavior in Chinese rice production: a household-level analysis. Sustainability, 10: 6644-6665.
  22. Pishbahar, E., Sani, F. and Dashti, G. (2017). Evaluating the impact of guaranteed price policy in the barley: using propensity score matching (PSM) method. Agricultural Economics, 12(1): 21-37. (Persian)
  23. Pufahl, A. and Weiss, C. R. (2008). Evaluating the effects of farm programs: results from propensity score matching. Paper Presented at the 12th Congress of the European Association of Agricultural Economists (EAAE).
  24. Rahimi, N. and Bakhtiari, M. (2006). Kyoto protocol, approaches and challenges. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 8: 79-93. (Persian)
  25. Stuart, E., Huskamp, H., Duckworth, K., Simmons, J., Song, Z., Chernew, M.E. and Barry C.L. (2014). Using propensity scores in difference-in-differences models to estimate the effects of a policy change. Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology, 14: 166-182.
  26. Su, Y.W. (2006). The effects of the Kyoto protocol on Taiwan. Climate Law Special Edition, 6: 51-69.
  27. World Bank (2017). World Development Indicators (WDI). Available at worldbank.org.
  28. Yavari, K. and Ahmadzadeh, K. (2010). Investigating the relationship between energy consumption and population structure: case study of Southwest Asia. Journal of Energy Economics, 7: 33-62. (Persian)
  29. Zahed, F. and Moghaddam, M. (2011). Review of the implementation of the kyoto protocol in the world and Iran's efforts to implement the Kyoto Protocol. Paper Presented at the Fifth National Conference on Environmental Engineering, University of Tehran. (Persian)