اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه

اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه

مقایسه سیاست‏های کاهش برداشت آب و افزایش راندمان آبیاری: مطالعه موردی استان خراسان رضوی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
شجاعت زارع 1
حمید محمدی 2
محمود صبوحی 3
محمود احمدپور برازجانی 4
سید احمد محدث حسینی 5
1 استادیار گروه تحقیقات اقتصادی، اجتماعی و ترویج کشاورزی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان خراسان رضوی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مشهد
2 استادیارگروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکدة کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل
3 استاد گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکدة کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد
4 استادیار گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی،، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل،
5 استادیار گروه تحقیقات اقتصادی، اجتماعی و ترویج کشاورزی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان خراسان رضوی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مشهد، ایران
10.30490/aead.2020.275765.1040
چکیده
به منظور مقایسه تأثیر سیاست کاهش برداشت آب از منابع آب زیرزمینی و سیاست افزایش راندمان آبیاری بر روی کسری مخازن آب‌های زیرزمینی، میزان تولید، خالص واردات، خالص منافع اجتماعی و درآمد کشاورزان در استان خراسان رضوی، پنج شهرستان شامل: مشهد، سبزوار، نیشابور، تربت‌جام و تربت‌حیدریه انتخاب و تأثیر این سیاست‏ ها با استفاده از نوعی مدل برنامه‌ریزی ریاضی مثبت (PMP_GME) بررسی گردید. بررسی تأثیر کاهش برداشت آب نشان داد که این سیاست‌ اگرچه می‌تواند باعث ایجاد تعادل در برداشت آب گردد و مصرف انرژی را تا 25 درصد کاهش دهد اما موجب کاهش تولید محصولات مهمی مانند گندم و افزایش هزینه‌های اجتماعی بخصوص کاهش درآمد کشاورزان و افزایش واردات می‏شود. به‌طوری که هزینه‌های اجتماعی را بین 20 تا 43 درصد افزایش داده و هزینه هر متر مکعب آب صرفه‌جویی شده بین 4540 تا 6360 ریال خواهد بود. جایگزینی سامانه‌های جدید بجای قدیمی و افزایش راندمان آبیاری در حد پتانسیل بدون افزایش سطح زیر کشت، کسری مخزن را 94 درصد کاهش می‌دهد. با وجودی که بستن چاه‌های غیرمجاز از الزامات قانونی است اما اجرای آن نمی‌تواند موجب ایجاد تعادل در برداشت شود. جهت کسب نتیجه مطلوب لازم است تا ضمن بستن چاه‌های غیرمجاز نسبت به کاهش تدریجی پروانه چاه‌های مجاز اقدام نموده و با اعطای تسهیلات و خدمات مشاوره‌ای کشاورزان را در جهت افزایش راندمان یاری نمود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
چاه‌های غیرمجاز
سیاست کاهش برداشت
کسری مخزن
راندمان آبیاری
هزینه‌های اجتماعی
خراسان رضوی

عنوان مقاله English

Comparing the Policies of Water Extraction Reduction and Irrigation Efficiency Improvement: A Case Study of Razavi Khorasan Province of Iran

نویسندگان English

Sh. Zare 1
H. Mohammadi 2
M. Sabouhi 3
M. Ahmadpour 4
S. A. Mohaddes Hoseini 5
1 Corresponding Author and Assistant Professor, Agricultural Research, Educatin and Natural Resources Center of Razavi Khorasan Province, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mashhad. Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol. Iran
3 Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Iran (
4 Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol. Iran
5 Assistant Professor, Agricultural Research, Education and Natural Resources Center of Razavi Khorasan Province, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mashhad. Iran.
چکیده English

This study aimed at comparing the effects of the policies of ‘reducing the water extraction from groundwater resources’ and ‘increasing the irrigation efficiency. For this purpose, five counties including Mashhad, Sabzevar, Neyshabour, Torbat-e Jam and Torbat-e Heydarieh were selected in Razavi Khorasan province of Iran. The effects of these policies on the deficit of groundwater reservoirs, production, net imports, net social benefits and farmers' income during 2012-2013 were evaluated using a Positive Mathematical Programming model with Generalized Maximum Entropy (PMP-GME). The required information was collected using the questionnaires as well as the statistics of concerned organizations. The study results showed that although the policy of reducing the water extraction could balance the water extraction and reduce energy consumption by up to 25 percent, it would reduce the production of important crops such as wheat and increase social costs (by 20-43 percent) and particularly, reduce farm incomes and increase imports; in addition, the cost of each cubic meter of saved water would be about 4540 to 6360 IR rials; and replacing old systems by new ones at the potential level without increasing the area under cultivation would reduce the reservoir deficits by 94 percent. Although the closure of unauthorized wells is a legal requirement, its implementation alone cannot create balance in the water extraction. In order to achieve the desired result, it is also necessary to limit the licenses of authorized wells gradually. In addition, bank loans and advisory services will help the farmers to increase their irrigation efficiency. The policy of reducing the water extraction will also prevent the farmers to add area under cultivation by using water saved arising from increased irrigation efficiency.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Unauthorized Wells
Extraction Reduction Policy
Reservoir Deficits
Irrigation Efficiency
Social Costs
Razavi Khorasan (Province)
  1. Abbasi, F., Naseri, A., Sohrab, F., Baghani, J. and Akbari, M. (2015). Improving water use productivity. Tehran: Research, Education and Extension Organization, Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (Persian)
  2. Ahmad, M., Turral, H., Masih, I., Giordano, M. and Masood, Z. (2007). Water saving technologies: myths and realities revealed in Pakistan's rice-wheat systems. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI).
  3. Ahmadpour, M. and Sabouhi, M. (2009). Water pricing in agricultural sector using interval mathematical programming: the case study of Dashtestan. Agricultural Economics, 3(3): 121-141. (Persian)
  4. Alizadeh, A., Majidi, Khalilabad N., Ghorbani, M. and Mohammadian, F. (2012). Cropping pattern optimization with target balancing of ground water resources: a case study of Mashhad, Chenaran Plain, Iran. Iranian Journal of lrrigation and Drainage, 6(1): 55-68. (Persian)
  5. Alizadeh, H.A., Liaghat, A. and Sohrabi, T. (2014). Assessing pressurized irrigation systems development scenarios on groundwater resources using system dynamics modeling. Journal of Soil and Water Resources Conservation, 3(4): 1-14. (Persian)
  6. Amiri-Ardakani, M. and Zamani, G. (2003). Problems and obstacles in utilization of new irrigation systems by farmers in Kohgilouyeh and Boyerahmad province. Journal of Soil and Waters Sciences, 17(2): 230-241. (Persian)
  7. Bakhshi, A., Daneshvar Kakhki, M. and Moghaddsi, R. (2012). An application of positive mathematical programming model to analyze the effects of alternative policies to water pricing in Mashhad Plain. Agricultural Economics and Development, 25(3): 284-294. (Persian)
  8. Balali, H. and Viaggi, D. (2015). Applying a system dynamics approach for modeling groundwater dynamics to depletion under different economic and climate change scenarios. Water, 7(10): 5258-5271.
  9. Chen, S., Yang, W., Huo, Z. and Huang, G. (2016). Groundwater simulation for efficient water resources management in Zhangye Oasis, Northwest China. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75(8): 1-13.
  10. Doppler, W., Salman, A.Z., Al-Karablieh, E.K. and Wolff, H.P. (2002). The impact of water price strategies on the allocation of irrigation water: the case of the Jordan Valley. Agricultural Water Management, 55(3): 171-182.
  11. Hu, Y., Moiwo, J.P., Yang, Y., Han, S. and Yang, Y. (2010). Agricultural water-saving and sustainable groundwater management in Shijiazhuang Irrigation District, North China Plain. Journal of Hydrology, 393(3): 219-232.
  12. Kahil, M.T., Albiac, J., Dinar, A., Calvo, E., Esteban, E., Avella, L. and Garcia-Molla, M. (2016). Improving the performance of water policies: evidence from drought in Spain. Water, 8(2): 34.
  13. Kosari Sivaki, A., Alavi Moghaddam, S.M.R. and Bina, K. (2016). The effect of intelligent meter installation on the reducing the tren of underground water level (case study: Mahvelat aquifer). Paper Presented at the 10th Symposium on Advances in Science and Technology, Mashhad, Iran. (Persian)
  14. Mahboubi, M.R., Aval, M.E. and Yaghoubi, J. (2011). Impeding and facilitating factors influencing the application of new irrigation methods by farmers: a case study of west Boshroyeh County in South Khorasan. Journal of Water and Irrigation Management, 1(1): 87-98. (Persian)
  15. Mamitimin, Y., Feike, T. and Doluschitz, R. (2015). Bayesian network modeling to improve water pricing practices in northwest China. Water, 7(10): 5617-5637.
  16. Mao, X., Jia, J., Liu, C. and Hou, Z. (2005). A simulation and prediction of agricultural irrigation on groundwater in well irrigation area of the piedmont of Mt. Taihang, North China. Hydrological Processes, 19(10): 2071-2084.
  17. Mckinney, D.C. and Savitsky, A.G. (2006). Basic optimization models for water and energy management (No: 813). United States Agency for International Development. Available at http://www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/mckinney/ce385d/lectures/McKinneySavitsky_ver8_e.pdf. Retrieved at 20 March, 2018.
  18. Ministry of Energy (2014). Razavi Khorasan province water feature (No. 20). Mashhad: Ministry of Energy, Regional Water Company of Razavi Khorasan Province, Planning and Management Improvement Adjutancy. Available at:
  19. http://www.khrw.ir/SC.php?type=component_sectionsandftype=1andid=52andsid=210. Retrieved at 20 July, 2017. (Persian)
  20. Ministry of Energy (2015). Iran water statistical yearbook, 2011-2012. Tehran: Ministry of Energy, Office of Planning for Water and Wastewater. (Persian)
  21. Mohammadi, A.A. and Alipour, H. (2017). Factors affecting adoption of new irrigation systems: viewpoints of experts of Agriculture-Jahad departments in Tehran and Alborz provinces. Iranian Journal of Water Research in Agriculture (Soil and Water Sciences), 31(3): 455-468. (Persian)
  22. Mozaffari, M.M. (2016). Irrigation water demand management in Ardalan Plain with emphasis on pricing policy. Journal of Soil and Water Resources Conservation, 5(4): 47-67. (Persian)
  23. Nazari, A.H., Manafi-Azar, R. and Abdollahi, A. (2014). Aluating the influences of pressurized irrigation system on the charging of farming structure, cropping pattern and yield. Quarterly Journal of the Studies of Human Settlements Planing (Journal of Geographical Landscape), 8(25): 147-161. (Persian)
  24. Nainiva, S.P., Azizi Kashantouei, M., Khaledian, V. and Faghani, A. (2018). Investigating the effect of installing smart water and power meters on water wells (case study: plains in east of Kurdistan province). Paper Presented at the Third National Conference on Farm Water Management, Soil and Water Research Institute, Karaj, Iran. (Persian)
  25. Palouj, M. (2014). Break forward, approach of water crisis-stricken management in Iran. Tehran: Agricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI). (Persian)
  26. Parhizkari, A., Sabouhi, M., Ahmadpour, M. and Badie Barzin, H. (2014). Simulation of farmers’ response to irrigation water pricing and rationing policies (case study: Zabol County). Agricultural Economics and Development, 28(2): 164-176. (Persian)
  27. Qobadpour, R., Eskandari, F. and Jalali, M. (2018). Farmers' satisfaction with installing intelligent flowmeter on underground water wells (the case of Mahidasht County, Kermanshah province). Agricultural Economics and Development, 32(1): 43-55. (Persian)
  28. Sabouhi, M. and Ahmadpour, M. (2012). Estimation of Iran agricultural products demand functions using mathematical programming (application of maximum entropy method). Agricultural Economics, 6(1): 71-91. (Persian)
  29. Sabouhi, M. and Zare, S. (2014). A look at developments, challenges and the rules on the conservation and exploitation of water resources in Iran. Agricultural Economics, Special Issue: 174-157. (Persian)
  30. Salem, J. (2018). Analysis of effective factors on pistachio farmers’ reluctance to adopt pressurized irrigation in Yazd province. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture, 31(4): 585-594. (Persian)
  31. Soleymani, E. and Hajizadeh, F. (2009). Challenges and problems of agricultural water supply in Khorasan Razavi province (No. 9943). Tehran: IRI Parliament Research Center, Infrastructure Studies Office. Available at https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/report/show/739028. Retrieved at 10 Jul 2019. (Persian)
  32. Statistical Center of Iran (2014). Iran statistical yearbook, 2013 [March 2013-March 2014]. Tehran: Statistical Center of Iran, Office of the President, Public Relations and International Cooperation. (Persian)
  33. Varziri, A., Vakilpour, M.H. and Mortazavi, S.A. (2016). The effects of economic pricing of irrigation water on cropping pattern in Dehgolan Plain. Agricultural Economics Research, 8(31): 81-100. (Persian)
  34. Yazdani, M. (2013). Investigating the effect of employing smart water and power meters on improvement of underground water hydrograph in Esfarayen plain. Paper Presented at the 7th National Congress on Civil Engineering, Sistan and Baluchestan University, Zahedan, Iran. (Persian)
  35. Zare, S., Mohammadi, H. and Sabouhi, M. (2017). Simulation of developing modern irrigation systems on groundwater resources balance of Razavi Khorasan. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Developments, 31(2): 179-195. (Persian)
  36. Zhong, S., Shen, L., Sha, J., Okiyama, M., Tokunaga, S., Liu, L. and Yan, J. (2015). Assessing the water parallel pricing system against drought in China: a study based on a CGE model with multi-provincial irrigation water. Water, 7(7): 3431-3465.